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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Consciousness |
Our awareness of ourselves and our environment |
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Automatic Processing |
Involves initiating activities and carrying them out without much effort |
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Controlled Processing |
Initiating an activity and making a conscious effort to direct our behavior |
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Preconscious |
Outside of awareness but contains feelings and memories that can easily be brought to conscious awareness |
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Unconscious/Subconscious |
Includes unacceptable feelings or thoughts not directly available to conscious awareness |
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Nonconscious |
Processes are completely inaccessible to conscious |
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Circadian Rhythms |
Occur on a 24 hour cycle and include sleep and wakefulness |
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Reticular formation, pons, and thalamus |
Brain structures involved in wakefulness, arousal, and attention |
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Free Running Rythms |
The cycle that arises without any external stimulus concerning day and night |
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Sleep |
The periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness |
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Eugene Aserinsky |
Used EEG to study sleep in 1952 |
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Eye movements, muscle tension, and brain waves |
Three things measured by EEGs |
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Awake Aroused State |
We are awake and moving, our brain emits beta waves (15 to 40 cycles per second) |
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Awake but Relaxed State |
Eyes are closed but we're still awake, brain activity slows to a large amplitude and slow regular alpha waves (9-14 cycles per second). Meditation. |
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Stage One |
Relaxed wakefulness that lasts up to five minutes. Muscles jerks and dreamlike awareness occur in this stage. Alpha waves. |
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Stage Two |
More deeply relaxed and starting to emit theta waves (5-8 cycles per second). 50% of all sleep occurs in this stage. Sleep spindles occur. |
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Stage Three |
Transition stage. First emission of delta waves (1.5 to 4 cycles per second). Temperature decreases and pulse/breathing slows. |
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Stage Four |
Deepest sleep. Delta waves. Irregularities in sleep occur in this stage: sleep walking, teeth grinding, etc. Pituitary gland is active in this stage. |
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REM |
Recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams/nightmares commonly occur. Low amplitude, fast, regular beta waves (15-40 cycles per second) |
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90 minutes |
Length of a typical sleep cycle |
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5-6 Cycles |
How many cycles occur in a typical night |
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16 hours, 50% REM |
How long infants sleep, spend in REM |
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7-8 Hours, 20% REM |
How long young adults sleep, spend in REM |
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6 hours, 15% REM |
How long the elderly sleep, spend in REM |
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Rem Rebound |
More time is spent in REM the night after getting a poor night's sleep. |
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Immune function/concentration decreases, accidents increase |
Two reasons why we sleep |
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Sleep deprivation |
Body builds up sleep debt for up to two weeks |
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Microsleep |
Tiny, seconds long periods of sleep that are not necessarily psychologically satisfying but do seem to help one "get through" |
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Restorative Theory |
Sleep protects and helps us recover, restore, and repair the brain and body tissue |
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Memory Consolidation Theory |
Sleep helps us remember because it provides our brains with time to restore and rebuild fading memories |
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Growth Theory |
Sleep provides the body with time to grow because the pituitary gland releases the growth hormone while you are sleeping. Older people release less of this hormone and sleep less. |
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Adaptive Non-Responding Theory |
We sleep at night because it is safer and more functional (evolutionary perspective) |
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Narcolepsy |
Periodic, overwhelming sleepiness at any time for a short period of time (usually REM). Lack of hypocretin. |
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Insomnia |
Persistent problems in falling or staying asleep |
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Hypersomnia |
Getting or needing too much sleep |
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Sleep Apnea |
Stop breathing during sleep for a few seconds |
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Night Terrors |
Sudden arousal from sleep with intense fear accompanied by physiological reactions. Little to no recall the next morning. |
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Dreams |
A sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind |
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8/10 dreams are negative |
What percent of dreams are negative? |
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Sigmund Freud |
Believed dreams allow us to express our unconscious wishes in a disguised way |
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Manifest Content |
remembered storyline |
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Latent Content |
Underlying unconscious message or symbolic meanings |
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Freud's wish fulfillment |
We dream because we have a unconscious desire for something |
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Information Processing |
We dream to help us sift, sort, and fix the days experiences in our memory |
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Physiological Function |
We dream to provide a sleeping brain with periodic stimulation to develop and preserve neural pathways. |
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Activation Synthesis |
We dream because the brain engages in random neural activity that we try to turn into sense. |
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Cognitive Development |
We dream to allow us to problem solve |
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Lucid Dreaming |
the sense that you are in a dream |
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1. Emotions may end the dream 2. Content is illogical/unorganized 3. Contains complex sensory impressions 4. Accept dreams uncritically 5. Most have difficulty remembering them |
Five Characteristic Features of Dreaming |