Ss9 Crossroads Chapter 4

Front 1

regiment of foot

Back 1

in the army, about 600 foot soldiers commanded by a colonel

Front 2

Wellington

Back 2

Duke of Wellington [the leader of the British army]

Front 3

cavalry

Back 3

combat troops on horses

Front 4

lancers

Back 4

cavalry troops armed with long spears [lances]

Front 5

dragoons

Back 5

soldiers armed with short muskets [short guns]

Front 6

hussars

Back 6

soldiers on horses who have sabres and pistols

Front 7

grenadiers

Back 7

soldiers who throw grenades

Front 8

rise

Back 8

going up or on top of a small hill

Front 9

infantry

Back 9

the foot soldiers in an army

Front 10

volley

Back 10

a round of shots from a gun or bow and arrows

Front 11

bayonets

Back 11

in Napoleon's time, bayonets were long and wide knives that attach to a gun. They had a triangular blade.

Front 12

breastplate

Back 12

pieces of armor for the chest

Front 13

square

Back 13

a square shaped formation of soldiers

Front 14

shako

Back 14

a stiff military hat in the shape of a tube, usually with a plume.

Front 15

grapeshot

Back 15

a cluster of small iron balls fired from a cannon

Front 16

flogging offence

Back 16

one of the many offences for which a soldier could be whipped.

Front 17

scavengers

Back 17

people who come to a battlefield to steal the belongings of the dead and wounded

Front 18

corrupt

Back 18

dishonest and greedy

Front 19

minor nobility

Back 19

nobles of lower rank than others

Front 20

formidable

Back 20

impressive

Front 21

phenomenal

Back 21

remarkable, out of the ordinary

Front 22

republic

Back 22

a country in which the power rests with citizens entitled to vote

Front 23

spoils

Back 23

the things soldiers steal from the people they have conquered

Front 24

civil law

Back 24

the law that relates to a person's rights and liberties [sort of the opposite of criminal law]

Front 25

tariff

Back 25

a tax

Front 26

ancien regime

Back 26

the 'old regime'; in other words France before the revolution

Front 27

etiquette

Back 27

proper manners

Front 28

chamberlain

Back 28

an official in the court of a ruler

Front 29

to motivate

Back 29

to help give people the will and desire to accomplish something

Front 30

standard

Back 30

a flag or banner

Front 31

memo

Back 31

an official note

Front 32

nationalism

Back 32

the belief that one's own country is the best country

Front 33

guerrilla warfare

Back 33

warfare that is loosely organized and includes volunteer soldiers and surprise raids.

Front 34

patriotism

Back 34

pride in one's own country

Front 35

Tsar

Back 35

the Russian monarch before the Russian Revolution of 1917

Front 36

Cossak

Back 36

a Russian soldier noted for horsemanship and military skill.

Front 37

to route

Back 37

i.e. to 'route out'. To force an army to run away wildly from the enemy.

[Opposite to retreating - which is a careful and organized military manoeuver].

Front 38

diplomat

Back 38

a representative of government who works with other governments for the good of his or her country

Front 39

viscount

Back 39

a title of nobility

Front 40

censorship

Back 40

the act of preventing certain publication or pictures [or TV or movies] from being seen by the public.

Front 41

league

Back 41

an old measure of distance, usually equal to about 5 km

Front 42

elevation

Back 42

the height above something

Front 43

secondary source

Back 43

writing that uses other people's first-hand stories of an even as source material [the writer wasn't actually there to witness or see the event]

Front 44

capable

Back 44

able to do things

Front 45

socialist

Back 45

a person who supports socialism.

Front 46

socialism

Back 46

a system in which all members of a community share the work and the profits.

Front 47

interpret

Back 47

to give meaning; to offer an explanation for something

Front 48

tabloid

Back 48

a newspaper made for ultra-easy reading, with many pictures and short [often sensational exaggerated] stories.