Spsi 332: Acoustic Phonetics: Speech Science

Front 1

Unstressed vocalic 'r'

Back 1

if in a syllable there is another vowel than the 'r' is vocalic
-may be specced with another vowel but can you hear it when you transcribe?
"father"

Front 2

Stressed vocalic 'r'

Back 2

"girl"

Front 3

Dipthongs

Back 3

2 vowels side by side
-regarded as a single phoneme even though they're two vwels together

Front 4

3 elements for sound to be present

Back 4

1.)energy source
2.)vibrating sound source
3.)elastic medium
*sound exists in a wave form

Front 5

Pure tone

Back 5

has acoustic energy at only one frequency
-doesn't exist in nature
-simplest possible sound
-char. by equal periods and adjacent waves

Front 6

Duration

Back 6

duration of cycle is measured from peak to peak

Front 7

Amplitude

Back 7

reflects how much acoustic energy used in a period

Front 8

cps

Back 8

cycles per second
=Hertz
how many
vibrations/oscillations
-peak to peak period per second

Front 9

Frequency

Back 9

1/period
*as P goes up F goes down

Front 10

Phase

Back 10

what portion of cycle the sound wae is in at that particular moment

Front 11

Wave interference

Back 11

all kinds of waves (sounds) going on in a place at one time can cause interference between the waves

Front 12

Constructive interference

Back 12

sounds can strengthen or reinforce each other
-waves build on one another b/c they are in phase

Front 13

Destructive interference

Back 13

if waves are out of phase they can cancel each other out

Front 14

Damped sound

Back 14

sound that decays
-strength falls off over time

Front 15

Velocity

Back 15

wave length x frequency
=speed of sound

Front 16

Wave length

Back 16

how long wave is over distance (in ft)
W=V/F

Front 17

Ways to talk about sound

Back 17

1)Physical: talking about sound in the physical world
-you can actually measure the length
Ex: frequency
2)Psychological: we experience sound as a psychological sensation
-cannot be measured in the physical world-just hear it
Ex: pitch

Front 18

Complex Sound (vs. pure tone)

Back 18

sound with acoustic energy at more than 1 frequence

Front 19

Complex Periodic Tone

Back 19

sound that has acoustic energy at more than 1 frequency and it repeats itself

Front 20

Fourier Analysis

Back 20

taking complex sound wave and break it down to its constituent sound waves

Front 21

Fundamental Frequency of vibration

Back 21

F0--biggest vibration

Front 22

2 sound sources for voice stops, fricatives, affricates

Back 22

1)vibration of vocal folds
2)sound from articulators

Front 23

Resonation

Back 23

one vibrating body causing vibration in another body
Ex: tuning fork setting another into vibration

Front 24

Natural Resonant frequency

Back 24

the frequency that a body vibrates at the easiest
-dependent upon mechanical properties of that body

Front 25

Damped resonator

Back 25

the acoustic energy falls off very rapidly
-very broad range of frequenceis but none are strongly reinforced
Ex: filling up H2O bottle

Front 26

Undamped resonator

Back 26

acoustic energy lasts
-very narrow range of reinforced frequencies
Ex: tuning forks

Front 27

Characteristics that afect sound waves

Back 27

1)Intensity (amplitude)
2)Frequency
3)Resonation

Front 28

Incident Wave

Back 28

part of sound wave that penetrates into water when it strikes it

Front 29

Reflective Wave

Back 29

sound wave that bounces off water
--most of sound wave is reflected

Front 30

Standing waves

Back 30

complex periodic wave coming from phonation
=reflected waves that bounce off obstructions in V.T.

Front 31

Decibel Scale

Back 31

dB
-based on dyne scale
-not linear

Front 32

Obstructions

Back 32

act as if they're boundaries
-change the wave form (w/ these you get a reflected wave)--based on the size and shape of the cavities

Front 33

Dyne

Back 33

unit of force