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53 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Definition of Sport
well established, officially governed competitive physical activities in which participants are motivated by internal and external rewards
Difference between Sport Sociology and Sport Psychology
sociology deals with the relationship between sport and society, whereas psychology focuses on the personal challenges of an individual.
Sport as a social construct
sports can take different forms and be given different meanings from one situation, culture, or point in time to the next. Sports are not static, change with the society.
purpose of social theories
used to explain our social world
functionalist theory
society as a whole that is made of interrelated parts or social institutions, driving force is equilibrium, preserve order and stability.
4 areas of functionalist research
1. The relationship between sport participation and good character
2. The relationship between sport and achievement motivation
3. The relationship between sport and social integration
4. The relationship between sport and developing survival skills
limitations of functionalist theory
over exaggerates the good and ignores the negative, ignores diversity, disregards sport as a social construction
conflict theory
society is a system of structures & relationships shaped by economic forces, sports are studied in terms of how they promote economic exploitation & capitalist expansion, research focuses on how sports perpetuate the power and privilege of the elite.
research in sport using conflict theory
how and when athlete is alienated from body, how and when sport is an opiate for the masses, how commercialization changes sport and influences social relationships, how economic power/exploitation is reproduced
limitations of conflict theory
too economic deterministic, ignores diversity outside of class relationships, disregards the empowering experience of sport.
interactionist theory
human agency.
society is created & maintained through social interaction, sports are studied in terms of how they are created and given meaning by people, research focuses on how people experience sport and how their identities are related to sport & participation
limitations of interactionist theory
too much focus on human agency ignoring socio-economic conditions, does not provide a critical vision of society at a structural level
critical theory
neo-marxist, feminist, cultural studies. focuses on how culture is produced & reproduced, power in social relationships: who has the power & how does it shift during times of conflict?
limitations of critical theory
multiple variations, confusing, no unified strategies.
conditions for commercial sport
-market economy
-large, densely populated cities
-people who have time, money, transportation, and media access
-large amounts of capital
-culture emphasizing consumption & material status symbols
commercialization in sport may cause changes in
structure and goals, orientation of athletes, coaches & sponsors, organizations that sponsor & control sport, from aesthetic to heroic, from process to outcome orientations.
relationship between media & sport
symbiotic
functions of the media
inform, interpret, entertain
dominant themes covered during TV
succes themes, stories/events that enforce femininity, more mens sports, race - physical vs. intellectual, nationalism
video games
interactive, can be violent, used to teach new plays, teach children the rules young.
difference between socialization into sport and via sport
socialization into: assimilation of the mental & physical skills needed for participation
socialization via: assimilation of culture as a result of sport participation
problems researching deviance
forms and causes are diverse, what is normal in sport may be deviant outside of sport, often involved unquestioned acceptance rather than rejection of norms
deviance
occurs when a persons ideas, traits, or actions are perceived by others to fall outside the normal range of acceptance in society
formal deviance
violation of official rules or laws
informal deviance
violation of accepted beliefs or accepted customs & understandings
aggression
verbal & physical behavior grounded in an intent to dominate, control, or do harm to another person
violence
use of EXCESSIVE physical force which causes harm or destruction.
factors of violence among spectators
violence on field, size & proximity of crowd, composition of crowd, importance of victory, rivalry, system of crowd control, amount of alcohol consumed, location of event.
to control violence among spectators
control factors influencing violence among spectators.
informal games
player controlled, Sandlot, action oriented, rules emphasize action
formal games
adult controlled, positions important, focus on set rules, emphasis on instruction
functionalist approach to deviance
failure to conform; violators are disruptive and morally bankrupt.
conflict theorist approach to deviance
behavior that violates the interest of the power elite
Interactionalist & Critical theorist approach to deviance
deviant behavior involves over-conformity and under-conformity to rules and social norms
absolutist approach to deviance
truth based, either right or wrong. no gray area
constructionist approach to deviance
interactionist based. norms are socially constructed.
positive deviance
supernormal, over-conforming behavior. as dangerous as negative deviance, harder to control
substance enhancing drugs
negative deviance
subnormal, under-conforming behavior. rejection of commonly accepted rules and expectations.
steroids in baseball
theoretical explanation for deviance
biological, psychological, sociological
biological explanation for deviance
there are defects and weaknesses in a person's physical constitution that predispose one to deviance
psychological explanation for deviance
there is a physiological "sickness" manifesting itself in the form of mental illness, psychopathic disorders, personality aberrations, etc that predispose one to deviance
sociological explanation
there are social forces that promote a person to be a deviant. social context that a person is in can increase the chances of deviance
sports ethics 4 core beliefs
1. an athlete makes sacrifices for the game
2. athlete strives for distinction
3. athlete accepts risks and plays through the pain
4. athlete accepts no limits in the pursuit of possibilites
when violence involves widespread rejection of norms, it may signal
anarchy
when violence involves extreme over conformity to norms, it may signal
fascism
violence is not always
illegal or condemned, it may be praised, rewarded, and lauded as necessary
agents of socialization
"Significant others"
family members, peers, sport teams, coaches, teachers, mass media
behaviorist theory of socialization
people repeat behavior that is rewarded or pleasurable and eliminate behavior that is punished or painful.
social learning theory/role learning theory of socialization
people are exposed to the behaviors of significant others, and they imitate these behaviors
power and performance model of youth sports
involves use of strength, speed, and poise to dominate opponents in the quest for competitive victories. the older one gets, the more they move toward this model.
pleasure and participation model of youth sports
involves competition, but the primary emphasis on connections between people and on a personal expression through sport
pygmalion effect
expectation of coaches, parents, etc impact on performance. increases when parent is the coach
adult involvement in youth sport includes
determining the rules, plan strategy and call plays, debate questionable calls