Spine Bony Anatomy

Front 1

Bony Anatomy of Spine

Back 1

Cervical Spine - 7 vertebrae

Thoracic Spine - 12 vertebrae

Lumbar Spine - 5 vertebrae

Sacrum - 5 fused bones

Coccyx - 3-5 fused bones

Front 2

These bony segments function together

Back 2

Upper cervical spine: occiput-C2

Lower cervical spine: C3-T1

Thoracic spine: T2-T12

Lumbar spine: L1-S1

Sacrum: bones move as one unit

Front 3

Cervical Spine

Back 3

Upper cervical spine: occiput, atlas (C1), axis (C2)

Lower cervical spine: C3-T1

Front 4

Bony Anatomy of Cervical Vertebrae C3-C7

Back 4

Spinous process

- bifid spinous process (C2-C6)

Lamina: between spinous process & transverse process

Transverse process

Pedicle: between transverse process & body

Body

Articular process

- superior facet

- inferior facet

Vertebral foramen: spinal cord passes through here

Transverse foramen: vertebral artery passes through here

Front 5

Upper Cervical Spine Joints

Back 5

Occipito-Atlanto (OA)

Atlanto-Axial (AA)

Front 6

Bony Anatomy of Atlas (C1)

Back 6

Anterior arch: takes place of body

Posterior arch: takes place of spinous process

Front 7

Bony Anatomy of Axis (C2)

Back 7

Dens or Odontoid: holds C1 in place

Front 8

Bony Anatomy of Thoracic Spine

Back 8

Spinous process: longer than others

- no bifid spinous process

Lamina

Transverse process

Pedicle

Body

Articular process: superior & inferior facet

Vertebral foramen

Transverse costal facet: articulates with ribs

Front 9

Ribs

Back 9

12 pair of ribs = 24 ribs in total

True ribs (1-7): attach directly to sternum

False ribs (8-10): attach indirectly to sternum by cartilage

Floating Ribs (11-12): no attachment to sternum

Front 10

Bony Anatomy of Ribs 3-10

Back 10

Sternal end: articulate with sternum or costal cartilage

Body/Shaft

Angle: portion of body where ribs turn anterolateral

Neck: connects head to shaft

Head & Tubercle: articulates with thoracic vertebrae

Front 11

Bony Anatomy of Ribs 1-2 & 11-12

Back 11

Rib 1: most curved of all ribs

Rib 2: longer & thinner shaft

Rib 11 & 12: short with no neck or no tubercle

Front 12

Bony Anatomy of Lumbar Spine

Back 12

Spinous process: small & flat

Lamina

Transverse process

Pedicle

Body

Articular processes: superior & inferior facet

Vertebral foramen

Front 13

Facet or Zygapophysial Joints

Back 13

- the articulation between the superior & inferior articular processes

- forming synovial joints with thin articular capsules

- allow for gliding between vertebrae

Front 14

Sacrum

Back 14

- 5 fused bones

- lumbosacral joint (L5 & S1): too much motion occurs here

- sacroiliac joint (ilium & sacrum)

Front 15

Coccyx

Back 15

- 3-5 fused bones

- virtually no motion

- previously served as origin for tail

Front 16

Sacral Anatomy

Back 16

Ala (superior lateral)

Superior articulating facet: articulates with L5

Sacral hiatus: flat area

Inferolateral angle

Apex (inferior aspect)

Sacral sulcus (lateral)

Sacroiliac joint

Front 17

Sacrotuberous ligament

Back 17

located midway between inferior lateral border of sacrum and ischial tuberosity

Front 18

Supraspinous ligament

Back 18

located above spinous process

most posterior ligament

prevent flexion

Front 19

Interspinous ligament

Back 19

located between spinous process

prevent flexion

Front 20

Ligamentum Nuchae

Back 20

this is formed by the supraspinous ligament & interspinous ligament in cervical spine

Front 21

Ligamentum Flavum

Back 21

yellow ligament

located inside vertebral canal and posterior aspect

Front 22

Posterior & Anterior longitudinal ligament

Back 22

they prevent extension

Front 23

Intervertebral discs

Back 23

contain a lot of water

Front 24

Herniated Nucleus Pulposis (HNP)

Back 24

- vast majority of HNP are posterior lateral in nature

- most common causes include: repeated flexion, improper body mechanics (especially when lifting), and increased intradiscal pressure

- pressure on anterior aspect (flexion) causes disc to be pushed posteriorly

- pressure on posterior aspect (extension) causes disc to be pushed anteriorly

Front 25

Disc Pressure

Back 25

Least pressure when supine, sidelying, & standing

Sitting down slouched over is about the same as standing & picking something heavy up

Front 26

Nerve Roots

Back 26

C1-C7 come out above the cervical vertebrae

C8 comes out under cervical vertebrae

Front 27

Curvature

Back 27

Cervical & Lumbar - lordosis: concave posteriorly & convex anteriorly

Thoracic & Sacral - kyphosis: concave anteriorly & convex posteriorly

Front 28

Scoliosis

Back 28

- lateral curvature of spine

- causes can be bony or muscular

- muscle could be weak or tight

- bony could be its shape

Front 29

Measuring Scoliotic Curvature

Back 29

cobb angle measures how much the curve is of the spine

Front 30

Treatment of Scoliosis (Surgically)

Back 30

Surgically, attach Harrington Rods along side spinous process which keeps spine from rotating

Front 31

Treatment of Scoliosis (Brace)

Back 31

Milwaukee brace keeps spine straight by pushing the bent side in a straight position

Front 32

Motions of Spine

Back 32

- flexion & extension

- side bending/lateral flexion: causes vertebrae to slide & tilt

- rotation

Front 33

Upper Cervical Spine Ligaments

Back 33

Alar ligament & Transverse ligament stabilizes occiput-C2

Odontoid prevents flexion & extension

Front 34

Alar Ligament

Back 34

U-shaped ligament surrounding odontoid to prevent posterior translation (attaches axis to atlas and occiput)

Front 35

Transverse Ligament

Back 35

Sling-like ligament forming "hammock" around odontoid to prevent posterior motion

Front 36

Odontoid fracture

Back 36

- causes shearing between C1 and C2

- causes pressure on spinal cord

- only way to know if there is an odontoid fracture is by an open mouth x-ray