Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves And Autonomic Nervous System

Front 1

Visible features of the spinal cord include:

Back 1

1. Posterior median sulcus

2. Anterior median fissure - deep crease

3. Enlargements

4. Conus medullaris

5. Filum terminale

6. Cauda equina

Front 2

this is a shallow longitudinal groove on the dorsal surface

Back 2

posterior median sulcus

Front 3

this is a DEEP CREASE on the ventral surface

Back 3

anterior median fissure

Front 4

along the length of the spinal cord the regions devoted to processing information associated with the limbs are enlarged

Back 4

enlargements

Front 5

The enlargements include:

Back 5

cervical enlargement (C5 - T1)

lumbosacral (lumbar) enlargement (L2 - S3)

Front 6

this enlargement supplies nerves to the upper limb and pectoral girdle.

Back 6

cervical enlargement ( C5- T1 )

Front 7

this enlargement supplies nerves to the lower limbs and pelvic girdle.

Back 7

lumbosacral (lumbar) enlargement

Front 8

this feature is the conical end of the spinal cord

Back 8

conus medullaris

Front 9

this feature is a slender thread of fibrous pia mater that extends from the tip of the spinal cord and anchors it longitudinally

Back 9

Filum terminale

Front 10

This feature is where the spinal cord stops growing before the vertebral column. As a result the dorsal and ventral roots continue to grow as their exit points move further away. This collection of roots within the vertebral column at this point form the"

Back 10

cauda equina

Front 11

How many spinal cord segments are there?

Back 11

31

Front 12

how many cervical segments?

Back 12

8

Front 13

how many thoracic segments?

Back 13

12

Front 14

how many lumbar segments?

Back 14

5

Front 15

how many sacral segments?

Back 15

5

Front 16

how many coccygeal segments

Back 16

1

Front 17

Each segment is associated with the pair of __________ that arise from it.

Back 17

spinal nerves

Front 18

the spinal nerves result from the fusion of ______ and _________ roots.

Back 18

dorsal, ventral

Front 19

How do the dorsal and ventral roots exit the vertebral column?

Back 19

through the intervertebral foramina

Front 20

What can be found at the exit point of dorsal and ventral roots?

Back 20

dorsal root ganglion

Front 21

The dorsal root ganglion consists of what?

Back 21

cell bodies and sensory neurons

Front 22

What does the ventral root contain?

Back 22

motor neurons

Front 23

These are specialized membrane that provide protection, physical stability and shock absorption within the bony vertebral canal.

Back 23

Spinal Meninges

Front 24

What are the 3 meningeal layers?

Back 24

1. Dura mater

2. Arachnoid mater

3. Pia mater

Front 25

this is the outer layer with consists of dense irregular CT.

Back 25

Dura mater

Front 26

between the dura mater and the inner wall of the vertebral canal there is an ___________

Back 26

epidural space

Front 27

The epidural space contains what 3 things?

Back 27

1. areolar CT

2. adipose tissue

3. blood vessels

Front 28

Explain who the dura mater is attached:

Back 28

it is attached cranially to the periosteum at the margin of the foramen magnum and tapers distally.

Front 29

when the attachment of the dura mater tapers distally what does it form?

Back 29

the coccygeal ligament that attaches to the periosteum of the sacrum and coccyx.

Front 30

this is the middle meningeal layer

Back 30

Arachnoid mater (spider mother)

Front 31

what type of epithelial cells does the Arachnoid mater have?

Back 31

simple squamous epithelium that attaches directly to the inside of the dura mater.

Front 32

What is the Arachnoid mater separated by?

Back 32

subarachnoid space

Front 33

what does the subarachnoid space contain?

Back 33

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the pia mater.

Front 34

The space between the arachnoid and pia mater is also spanned by collagen and elastic fibers that form bundles of fibers called?

Back 34

arachnoid trabeculae

Front 35

This is the innermost meningeal layer

Back 35

Pia mater

Front 36

what does the Pia mater consist of?

Back 36

collagen and elastic fibers that adhere closely the contours of the nervous tissue.

Front 37

lateral extensions of the pia mater and arachnoid mater between the dorsal and ventral roots attach to the dura mater and are called?

Back 37

denticulate ligaments

Front 38

What do the denticulate ligaments do?

Back 38

prevent side to side and inferior movement of the spinal cord

Front 39

this feature of the spinal cord is deep within the spinal cord in the shape of an "H"

Back 39

Gray matter

Front 40

Gray matter has:

Back 40

1. posterior gray horns

2. anterior gray horns

3. lateral gray horn

4. gray commissures

Front 41

what type of nuclei do the posterior gray horns contain?

Back 41

somatic and visceral sensory nuclei

Front 42

what type of cell bodies do the anterior gray horns contain?

Back 42

cell bodies of somatic motor neurons

Front 43

whats type of neurons do the lateral gray horns contain?

Back 43

visceral motor neurons

Front 44

what do the gray commissures contain?

Back 44

they form the cross bar of the H and contain axons crossing over from one side to the other.

Front 45

_____________ is superficial with respect to gray matter and is divided into regions by the posterior and anterior gray horns.

Back 45

White matter

Front 46

What are the major regions of white matter?

Back 46

1. posterior while columns

2. anterior white columns

3. lateral white columns

Front 47

Within the columns, collections of axons performing a similar function forms a ________.

Back 47

tract

Front 48

tracts that cary sensory information to the brain are ____________ tracts.

Back 48

ascending

Front 49

Tracts that carry motor information to the spinal cord are ______________ tracts.

Back 49

descending

Front 50

What are the 3 layers of CT found in peripheral nerves?

Back 50

1. Epineurium

2.Perineurium

3. Endoneurium

Front 51

this is the outermost layer of CT that is continuous with the dura mater. It also includes the CT in between any fascicles (bundles) within the nerve

Back 51

Epineurium

Front 52

this is the CT sheath that surrounds a fascicle of axons.

Back 52

Perineurium

Front 53

this is the delicate CT fibers that surround individual axons

Back 53

Endoneurium

Front 54

After the ________ and ________ roots of the spinal segment fuses the spinal nerve divides into several branches

Back 54

dorsal, ventral

Front 55

this is the branch that innovates the skin and muscles of the neck and back.

Back 55

Dorsal ramus

Front 56

this is the larger branch that innervates the ventrolateral body surface and the limbs

Back 56

Ventral ramus

Front 57

the thoracic and first lumbar spinal nerves have this branching its associated with the autonomic nervous system.

Back 57

Rami communicantes

Front 58

the sensory fibers of each spinal segment collect information about a specific regions of the body surface called a _____________.

Back 58

dermatome

Front 59

Loss of sensation in a dermatome can be used to diagnose ______ or ___________ damage.

Back 59

nerve, spinal cord

Front 60

The fibers of neighboring ventral rami fuse and divide to form interwoven networks of nerves called _______________.

Back 60

nerve plexuses.

Front 61

What are the 4 nerve plexuses

Back 61

1. Cervical Plexus

2. Brachial Plexus

3. Lumbar Plexus

4. Sacral Plexus

Front 62

this plexus forms from the ventral rami of spinal nerves C1 - C4 and some fibers from C5.

Back 62

Cervical Plexus

Front 63

this nerves innervates the diaphragm and arises from the cervical plexus .

Back 63

Phrenic nerve

Front 64

this is a large and complex plexus that innervates the pectoral girdle and upper limb with contributions from the ventral rami of C5 to T1.

Back 64

Brachial Plexus

Front 65

The nerves that arise from the brachial plexus include:

Back 65

1. Axillary nerves

2. musculocutaneous nerves

3. median nerves

4. ulnar nerves

5. radial nerves

Front 66

this plexus is formed by the neutral rami of T12 - L 4

Back 66

Lumbar Plexus

Front 67

the _____________ is a major nerve that arises from the Lumbar plexus

Back 67

femoral nerve

Front 68

this plexus contains fibers from the ventral rami of L4- S4

Back 68

Sacral Plexus

Front 69

the ____________ is a major nerve of the Sacral plexus

Back 69

Sciatic nerve

Front 70

the pathway that impulses follows to produce an immediate response is called the ______________.

Back 70

reflex arc

Front 71

What is the first step the reflex arc can be divided into ?

Back 71

Activation of a receptor by a stimulus.

Front 72

What is the second step of the reflex arc?

Back 72

info is carried to the CNS in the form of an impulse that travels along a sensory (afferent) fiber

Front 73

what is step 3 of the reflex arc?

Back 73

the info is processed within the CNS by interneurons

Front 74

what is step 4 of the reflex arc?

Back 74

the motor neurons are stimulated to conduct an impulse along an efferent fiver to the periphery

Front 75

what is step 5 of the reflex arc

Back 75

the impulse arrives at an effector organ that produces the response.

Front 76

the _____________ is a simple monosynaptic reflex which enables a muscle to automatically adjust tone in response to stretching.

Back 76

stretch reflex

Front 77

What is the most familiar stretch reflex?

Back 77

the patellar (knee-jerk) reflex

Front 78

thesis reflects involve interneurons and can be very complicated depending on the number of interneurons.

Back 78

Polysynaptic refelxes

Front 79

the ______________ from a painful stimulus is an example of a polysynaptic reflex.

Back 79

withdrawal reflex

Front 80

which division of the nervous system coordinates vital function associated with cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, excretory and reproductive functions that are out of our voluntary control?

Back 80

Autonomic Nervous System

Front 81

Within the autonomic nervous system, 2 neurons, connected in series, sends out the motor command. The first neuron is _______________ and has its cell body within the CNS.

Back 81

preganglionic

Front 82

after the first neuron, preganglionic neuron receives the motor command, the second neuron in the chain is ______________ and has its cell bodies OUTSIDE of the central nervous system in a ganglion.

Back 82

postganglionic

Front 83

What are the subdivisions of the ANS?

Back 83

1. Sympathetic Division

2. Parasympathetic Division

Front 84

This subdivision of the ANS is called the "fight or flight" division and prepares the body for exertion, or stress by increasing tissue metabolism.

Back 84

Sympathetic Division

Front 85

this subdivision of the ANS is called the "rest and repose" system and promotes activities that conserves or increases energy such as digestion

Back 85

Parasympathetic Division

Front 86

The sympathetic division is also called the __________________ because its preganglionic neurons are located in the spinal cord segments T1 to L2 in the lateral gray horns.

Back 86

thoracolumbar division

Front 87

Which ganglia are associated with the Sympathetic division?

Back 87

1. Sympathetic chain ganglia

2. Collateral ganglia

3. Adrenal medulla

Front 88

these ganglia lie lateral to the vertebral column and control effectors in the body wall, head and neck, limbs, and inside the thoracic cavity

Back 88

Sympathetic chain ganglia

Front 89

these ganglia lie anterior to the vertebral column and innervate effectors in the abdominal pelvic cavity.

Back 89

Collateral ganglia

Front 90

the core of the adrenal gland represents a modified sympathetic ganglion; making it "like" a postganglionic neuron which releases the functional hormone to all the relative effector organs **

Back 90

Adrenal medulla

Front 91

This division is also called the craniosacral division

Back 91

Parasympathetic Division

Front 92

Which division of the Autonomic Nervous system is associated with cranial nerves III, VII, IX and X?

Back 92

Parasympathetic Division

Front 93

In regards to the parasympathetic division, where are the ganglionic neurons in the peripheral ganglion located?

Back 93

very close to or within the target organs.

Front 94

the neurons within this division sometimes must travel a distance; even enter the walls of the effects organs.

Back 94

Parasympathetic