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99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the differences (3) between pronunciation errors and speech sound disorders?
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Pronunciation errors -mistake, just an accident
-certain words -more easily corrected Speech Sound Disorders -impairment in speech sound production -many words -harder to correct |
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True or False: This course deals with both speech sound disorders and pronunciation errors.
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false
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what are the categories of speech production errors?
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-articulation
-phonological |
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What are articulation errors?
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-phonetic errors
-problems with speech sound production (making sounds) -peripheral motor disturbances that result in speech disorders |
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what are phonological errors?
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-phonemic errors
-problems with language specific functions of phonemics (knowing when to use them -impaired representation and organization of phonemes in language system -may affect morpholog, syntax, semantics |
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What are the 4 types of phonetic and phonemic errors?
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-omissions (delete sound, most damaging)
-substitutions (one sound used for another, very common) -distortions (close but jumbled) -additions (add sound to word. eg. /blu/ becomes /bƏlu/) |
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What are the 4 units of meaning?
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-words
-morphemes -phonemes -allophones |
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what is an allophone?
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sound variations within phoneme class. they don't change the meaning (eg. the /k/ in keep and coop)
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what are the 2 types of phonetic characteristics?
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-suprasegmental
-segmental |
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What are different forms of suprasegmentals? (6)
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-stress
-intonation -loudness -pitch level -juncture -rate |
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what is juncture?
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vocal punctuation (pauses.....nitrate vs. night rate)
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What is prosody?
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stress, degree of emphasis
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what carries the stress in a word/syllable?
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vowels
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what are the segmental units of phonemes or phonetics?
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-vowels
-diphtongs -consonants |
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What are the basic characteristics of vowel segments? (6)
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-syllable nuclei, basic weight
-voiced -non-nasal -open sounds (open vocal tract, no constriction) -lounder than consonants (more sonority) |
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what are vowels also referred to as?
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sonorants
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true or false: every syllable has a vowel.
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true
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what are the 3 ways to describe vowels?
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-lip configuration (rounded/ unrounded)
-tongue position (horizontal--front, central, or back-- / vertical-- high, mid, or low--) -tension |
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Do longer or shorter vowels have more muscle tension?
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longer
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****know vowel chart****
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u, i, e, I, o, Ə, Ɛ, Ɔ, a, ae, ɑ, ʌ, ʊ
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what is juncture?
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vocal punctuation (pauses.....nitrate vs. night rate)
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What is prosody?
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stress, degree of emphasis
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what carries the stress in a word/syllable?
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vowels
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what are the segmental units of phonemes or phonetics?
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-vowels
-diphtongs -consonants |
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What are the basic characteristics of vowel segments? (6)
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-syllable nuclei, basic weight
-voiced -non-nasal -open sounds (open vocal tract, no constriction) -lounder than consonants (more sonority) |
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what are vowels also referred to as?
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sonorants
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true or false: every syllable has a vowel.
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true
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what are the 3 ways to describe vowels?
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-lip configuration (rounded/ unrounded)
-tongue position (horizontal--front, central, or back-- / vertical-- high, mid, or low--) -tension |
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Do longer or shorter vowels have more muscle tension?
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longer
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****know vowel chart****
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PLEASE
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true or false: there can be multiple diphthongs in a word.
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false, only one
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What are diphthongs also known as?
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syllable nuclei
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what is an on glide? (diphthongs)
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initial portion is longer and more intense
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what is an off glide?
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last part, shorter
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what are the 3 types of diphthongs?
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-phonemic
-nonphonemic -rhotic |
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what is a phonemic diphthong?
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meaning changes if first vowel is produced as a monothong
-eg. /ɑI/ to /ɑ/ /dɑʊn/ to /dɑn/ |
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what is a nonphonemic diphthong?
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meaning does not changes if first vowel is produced as a monothong.
-eg. /vek eI ʃƏn/. this tells where stress is |
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what are rhotic diphthongs?
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vowel is colored by the rhotic /r/ (as in --fear, for, fair, far, and tour)
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how do consonant segments differ from vowel and diphthongs?
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are produced with constriction in vocal tract
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what are the 4 ways to describe consonants?
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-organ of articulation
-place of articulation -manner of production -voicing |
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what are the active organs of articulation?
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-lower lip (labial)
-tongue (lingual tip (apical) suface (dorsum) lateral rims of tongue (coronal) |
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what are the passive organs of articulation?
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-upper lip (liabial)
-teeth (dental) -alveolar ridge (alveolar) -suface or hard palate (palatal) -soft palate (velar) |
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which phonemes are produced as bilabials?
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/p/ /b/ /m/ /w/ /ʍ/
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/f/ and /v/ are produced where?
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labial dentals
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which phonemes are produced as lingua dentals (interdentals)
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voiced and unvoiced "th"
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which phonemes are produced as lingua alveolars?
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/t/ /d/ /n/ /l/ /z/ /s/ /ſ/
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which phonemes are produced as lingua palatals?
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/ʃ/ /ʒ/ /tʃ/ /ʤ/ /j/ /r/
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/k/ /g/ and /ᶇ/ are produced where?
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lingua velars
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what are the glottal sounds?
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/h/ and /ʔ/
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what are cognates?
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sounds that come in pairs. place and manner are identical, but one is voiced and one is voiceless
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what are the 7 different manners of articulation (degree of closure)?
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-stop-plosives (complete closure)
-fricatives (narrow constriction) -affricates (stop/fricative) -nasals (oral closure; open VP port) -lateral (midline closure) -glides (move from more constricted to more open posture) -rhotics (retroflexed or bunched tongue) |
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Which phonemes are stop-plosives?
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/p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/ /ʔ/ /ſ/
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which phonemes are fricatives?
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/s/ /z/ /f/ /v/ /h/ /ʒ/ /ʃ/ and both "th"
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/dʒ/ and /tʃ/ are both produced how?
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as affricates
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which phonemes are produced as laterals?
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/l/
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/j/, /w/, and /ʍ/ are all which manner of articulation?
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glides
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/r/ is which manner of articulation?
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rhotic
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what are obstruents?
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-complete or narrow constriction of vocal tract
-another way to classify consonants |
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what manners of articulation are classified as obstruents?
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-stop-plosives
-fricatives -affricates |
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what are sonorant consonants?
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-semi-vowels
-relatively open vocal tract -another way to classify consonants |
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what manners of articulation are classified as sonorant consonants?
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-nasals
-liquids /l/ /r/ -glides |
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The influence sounds have on each other is __________.
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coarticulation
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what does coarticulation result in and help with?
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-results in ---assimilation or harmony between sound segments (apraxia does not have this)
-helps with--- flow of speech - deletes pauses between sounds |
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what are the 2 types of coarticulation?
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-anticipatory
-retentive |
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what is anticipatory articulation?
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-aka regressive assimilation
-articulators prepare to produce a sound before it is articulated as a segment -children have less than adults -eg. tongue is up when ready to say the word "play" to anticipate the /l/ |
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what is rententive coarticulation?
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-aka perseverative/progressive assimilation
-articulatory feature is retained after is needs to be -eg. /i/ --- me /i/ retains the nasality |
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true or false: it is easier to break words down into sounds than syllables.
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false. easier to break down into syllables
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what are the 3 parts of a syllable?
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-peak
-onset -coda |
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describe the peak of s syllable.
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most intense part of syllable. can stand alone or it can be surrounded by other phonemes
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describe the onset of a syllable.
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the sound segments prior to the peak (aka- syllable releasing sounds)
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describe the coda of a syllable.
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sounds that end a syllable. syllable aresting sounds. sounds that stop a peak.
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what is the difference between an open syllable and a checked/closed syllable?
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open- syllables without a coda
closed- syllables with a coda |
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Infants' functions for speech mechanisms are ____________ and _____________.
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respiration and feeding
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true or false: infants are capable or producing speech sounds.
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false
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What 4 systems involving speech evolve during infancy and early childhood?
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-respiratory
-phonatory -resonatory -articulatory |
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what type of air pressure are infants able to achieve?
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subglottal air pressure
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Around what age does respiratory function become more adultlike?
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7 years
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What are the oral and pharyngeal cavities mainly for in infancy?
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sucking and swallowing
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What general characteristics do the prelinguistic stages share? (5)
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-prior to 1st meaningful words
-overlap between stages -occurs in first 12 months -vowels dominate in first year -variation between children |
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What are the 5 prelinguistic stages?
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-reflexive/vegetative
-cooing and laughter -vocal play -babbling -jargon |
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Describe the reflexive/ vegetative prelinguistic stage.
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-birth to 2 months
-reflexive vocalizations (cries, coughs, burps, hiccups, sneezes) -vegetative sounds (grunts, sighs) -speech-like sounds are rare -quieter when content and alert |
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Describe the cooing and laughter prelinguistic stage.
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-2 to 4 months
-important developmental milestone -infants coo during comfortable periods -12 weeks- crying decreases; vegetative sounds start to disappear -16 weeks- sustained laughter appears -begin using greater amounts of air pressure -use gooing (add /g/ or /h/ sound to quasi-resonant nuclei |
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What are quasi-resonant nuclei?
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prolonged vowel-like sounds. half-nasalized vowels (cooing)
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Describe the vocal play prelinguistic stage.
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-4 to 6 months
-also called expansion -series of vowel and consonant-like segments -vocal play with: pitch, loudness, intonation, voiceless air play, vibrants |
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Describe the babbling prelinguistic stage.
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-6 to 10 months
-easily recognized stage -main production milestone during first year -chained syllables with contoids and vocoids |
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What are the 2 forms of babbling?
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-reduplicated (consonants stay the same; vowels may vary somewhat)
-variegated (variation in consonants and vowels from syllable to syllable) |
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Describe the jargon prelinguistic stage.
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-10 months+
-continuous process from babbling stage -more consonants and vowels in one vocalization -adult-like intonation and rhythm imposed on syllable strings -self directed process of exploration |
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True or false: Babbling behavior may predict later language ability as determined by its quantity and diversity.
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true
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Around what age do children transition to their first word?
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12 months
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When do children develop their first 50 words?
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between 12 and 24 months
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What are characteristics of first words?
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-phonetically stable
-used consistently in same context -recognizable as adult-like words |
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What are proto words?
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words that may be used consistently and have meaning, but do not match adult form
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When do children start to combine words?
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-after 50 word spoken lexicon
-around 18 to 24 months |
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Describe the phonological growth of the preschool stage. (18 to 72 months)
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-largest phonological growth
-vowels usually mastered by age 3 -anterior consonants develop before posteriors |
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What sounds are consistently difficult during the preschool stage?
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liquids, interdentals, and palatals
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Describe the speech intelligibility of the preschool stage.
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-about 3/4 of children are at least partially (54 to 80%) intelligible
-children with fewer errors are more intelligible -children with more complex sentences are less intelligible |
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How many words does a 30 month old have receptively? expressively?
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-receptive- 1200 words
-expressive- 150 to 300 |
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How many words does a 60 month old have receptively? expressively?
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-receptive- 9600
-expressive- 2200 |
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Describe the school age stage.
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-5 years and up
-has some misarticulations -suprasegmentals start to develop -strong correlation between phonological development and later reading success |