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220 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Brownian motion
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Random movement of air molecules
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Pressure
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A force that acts perpendicularly on a surface
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MKS
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Meters, Kilograms, Seconds
Metric system measurements of pressure |
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cgs
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centimeters, grams, seconds
Metric system measurements of pressure |
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microbar
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Used in the cgs system
It equals one dyne per square centimenter |
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pascal
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Used in the MKS system
It equals one newton per square meter |
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micropascals
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one millionth of 1 Pa
Used for minute measurements in speech and hearing |
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positive pressure
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pressure that is higher than atmospheric pressure
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negative pressure
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pressure that is lower than atmospheric pressure
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flow
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movement of air through a particular area in a certain interval of time
usually measured metrically in liters per second (l/s), l/min, ml/s or ml/min |
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volume velocity
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the rate of flow (how fast the gas is flowing) in a certain direction
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driving pressure
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difference in air pressure that causes air to flow from higher to lower pressure
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laminar flow
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air that flows smoothly with molecules moving in a parallel manner and at the same speed
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turbulent flow
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when an obstacle disturbs the flow of air, resulting in little swirls of currents
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there is a(n) __________ relationship between air volume and pressure
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inverse
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there is a(n) __________ relationship between air pressure and density
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proportional
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volume
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amount of space occupied in three dimensions
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density
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amount of mass per unit of volume
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Boyle's Law
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as the volume of an enclosed space increases, the pressure of the air within that space decreases (if temp. is constant)
as the volume of the space decreases, pressure of the air increases (with constant temp.) |
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ambient pressure
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the relatively constant pressure that is around us at any particular place or time
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the basic nature of sound consists of alternating increases and decreases in __________
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ambient pressure
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Hooke's Law
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describes elasticity
the restoring force is proportional to the distance of displacement and acts in the opposite direction -the further an object is displaced from its original position, the stronger the restoring force |
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amplitude
-what is it -what is it determined by |
maximum distance away from rest position that the molecule is displaced
determined by the amount of energy involved in the movement |
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damping
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decrease of amplitude
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wave front
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outermost area of the wave that is traveling spherically through the air
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periodic wave
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every cycle takes the same amount of time to occur as every other cycle
perceptually, sounds like a musical tone |
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aperiodic wave
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individual cycles do not take the same amount of time to occur
perceptually, sounds like noise |
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temperature plays a more important role in speed of sound in _______ than in _______ and _______
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gases, liquids, solids
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what are the 2 aspects of sound that are related to time?
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period
speed |
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incident wave
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a sound wave that is generated, travels a certain distance and then hits up against a boundary
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reverberation
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a sound lasts slightly longer because of interference
occurs when reflected sound waves extend the duration of an incident sound |
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simple harmonic motion
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regular, smooth, back and forth movement
produces a pure tone sound wave |
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complex sound
-what is it -what are the two types |
a wave consisting of two or more frequencies
can be periodic or aperiodic |
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periodic complex sounds
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made up of the fundamental frequency (lowest) and the harmonics
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aperiodic complex sounds
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frequencies are not systematically related to each other
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two types of aperiodic complex sounds
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continuous - able to be prolonged
(steam hissing from a radiator) transient - extremely brief in duration (hitting your hand on a desk) |
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Spectrum
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graph with frequency along the horizongal axis and amplitude along the vertical axis
can be a line spectrum or a continuous spectrum |
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line spectrum
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displays the frequency content of periodic sounds
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continuous spectrum
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displays the frequency content of aperiodic sounds
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What is evident with a line spectrum and what is not?
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Frequency and amount of acoustic energy (amplitude) at each frequency are evident
Time is not evident |
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How do we represent complex aperiodic sounds?
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we draw the envelope of the wave as a horizontal line that connects all the component frequencies in a sound (continuous spectrum)
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What is evident on a continuous spectrum and what is not?
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Amount of acoustic energy at each frequency is evident
Duration of the sound (if continuous or transient) is not evident |
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Why is it important to distinguish between a waveform and spectrum?
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Because the info they provide is very different.
For example, a flat, horizontal line on a waveform depicts silence while a flat, horizontal line on a spectrum depicts an aperiodic complex sound |
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Frequency
-definition -measurement -perceptual counterpart |
Rate at which an object vibrates
Measured in Hz Pitch |
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Pitch
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How we perceive a sound as high or low on a musical scale.
Measured in mels |
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What characteristics of an object determine frequency?
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Length, mass and tension
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What is the range of frequencies that humans are capable of perceiving?
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20-20,000 Hz
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subsonic
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Frequencies below 20 Hz
humans are incapable of hearing |
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supersonic
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Frequencies above 20,000 Hz
humans are incapable of hearing |
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What are the two divisions of the respiratory system?
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the pulmonary system
the chest-wall system |
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Pulmonary System
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lungs and airways
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Chest-Wall System
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rib cage, abdomen and diaphragm
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What are the two divisions of the pulmonary system?
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upper and lower respiratory system
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Upper respiratory system
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oral and nasal cavities
pharynx |
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Lower respiratory system
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larynx
trachea bronchi bronchioles alveoli lungs |
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Structures of the bronchial tree
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trachea
bronchi bronchioles |
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Trachea
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-hollow tube
-11 cm long -2.5 cm in diameter -made up of 16-20 cartilaginous rings (open in back) |
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What lines the inside surface of the trachea?
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epithelium with cilia
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What is the function of the cilia in the trachea?
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to act as a filtering system to clean the air going into the lungs
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What are the two branches that extend downward off of the trachea called? What are the subsequent divisions?
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mainstem bronchi
secondary bronchi tertiary bronchi terminal bronchioles respiratory bronchioles alveolar ducts alveoli |
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What happens in the alveoli?
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Oxygen is exchanged with carbon dioxide
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Surfactant
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substance within each alveolus, which keeps the alveoli inflated by lowering the surface tension of the walls of the alveoli
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Right lung
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Slightly larger than left
3 lobes, separated by grooves |
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Left lung
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Smaller than right to make room for the heart
2 lobes |
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Boundaries of the thoracic cavity
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sternum and rib cage on the front and sides
spinal column and vertebrae in back diaphragm on bottom |
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Where does the diaphragm attach?
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along the lower margins of the rib cage and sternum and the vertebral column
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What happens to the thoracic cavity when the diaphragm contracts?
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The volume of the cavity is increased in a vertical direction
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External intercostals
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11 pairs that run between the ribs
when contracted, elevate the entire rib cage and increase the volume of the thoracic cavity in the front to back and lateral directions |
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Internal intercostals
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11 pairs that run between the ribs
deep to the external intercostals angled opposite to that of the external intercostals Upon contraction, pull down on the entire rib cage, decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity |
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Abdominal muscles
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4 muscles of the abdomen compress the contents of the abdominal cavity during exhalation
Pressure from the muscles is exerted upward on the diaphragm |
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visceral pleura
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pulmonary pleura
lubricated membrane lining each lung |
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parietal pleura
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costal pleura
lubricated membrane lining the inner surface of the thorax |
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pleural space
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very small potential space between the two pleurae, containing a liquid
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What is the name of the liquid in the pleural space?
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pleural fluid
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The pressure between the visceral pleura and parietal pleura is always _______.
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negative
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pleural linkage
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negative pressure in the pleural space keeps the lungs and thorax connected
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What are the 3 functions of the pleurae?
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pleural linkage
provide a smooth, friction free surface for the lungs and thorax to move against each other protection against both lungs collapsing at the same time |
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What causes differences in breathing between children and adults?
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Maturation of the structures and functions involved in respiration
Structures grow larger and change in shape |
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How are respiratory volumes and capacities measured?
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with a wet or dry spirometer
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Lung volumes
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Single, nonoverlapping values
refers to the amount of air in the lungs at a given time and how much of that air is used for various purposes, including speech |
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Lung capacities
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include two or more lung volumes
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How are the measurements of lung volumes and capacities expressed?
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cubic centimeters (cc or cm^3)
liters (l) milliliters (ml) |
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Resting Expiratory Level
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refers to the state of equilibrium in the respiratory system (a level not a volume or capacity)
35-40% of VC natural tendency of the lungs to collapse is balanced by the natural tendency of the thorax to expand the endpoint of a normal quiet exhalation (also called the end-expiratory level) |
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What are the lung volumes?
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tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, residual volume
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Tidal Volume
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Volume of air that we breathe in OR out during a cycle of respiration
Varies depending on age, build and degree of physical activity |
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Inspiratory reserve volume
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Amount of air that can be inhaled above the TV
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Expiratory reserve volume
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Amount of air that can be exhaled below TV (after quiet exhalation)
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Residual volume
-What is it? -Is it greater in infants or adults? |
Amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximum exhalation
Much less in infants than adults |
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Dead air
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Small amount of volume of air in the lungs and airways
Last to be inhaled and first to be exhaled |
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Types of lung capacities
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vital capacity, functional residual capacity, total lung capacity, inspiratory capacity
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Vital Capacity
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Maximum amount of air that a person can exhale (forced) after having inhaled as deeply as possible
Represents the total amount of air available for all purposes, including speech Combination of TV, IRV and ERV |
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Functional Residual Capacity
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Amount of air remaining in the lungs and airways at the REL
Combines ERV and RV |
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Total Lung Capacity
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Total amount of air that the lungs are capable of holding
Combines TV, IRV, ERV and RV |
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Development of lung volumes and capacities
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Increase from infancy through puberty
Adult values apparent by age 16 Values stay stable until the later adult years Volumes and capacities start to decrease with advancing age |
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How much air can we inhale above REL?
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60-65 %
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What are the considerations of breathing for life and breathing for speech?
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Breathing for life: usually an unconscious, automatic process; amount of air taken in varies with the needs of our bodies at the time
Breathing for speech: more complicated because it needs to be linguistically appropriate (at appropriate times, enough air to produce the full utterance) and have prosodic considerations |
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What are the biological differences between breathing for speech and breathing for life?
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Location of air intake (life: through the nose, speech: throught the mouth)
Ratio of time for inhalation vs. exhalation (life: almost equal, speech: inhalation time = 10% of cycle) Volume of air inhaled per cycle (speech: more and differs depending on length of utterance) Muscle activity for exhalation (life: passive, speech: active) |
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What are the 4 forces that contribute to a decrease in volume in the thoracic cavity? Describe them.
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Gravity: pulls down on the rib cage
Muscles: relax and allow the rib cage to return to its original position Elasticity: of the respiratory tissues and lungs Torque: during inhalation, cartilaginous portions of the ribs twist |
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The more the thoracic cavity is enlarged during inspiration, the _______ the recoil forces.
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greater
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Relaxation pressures
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Air pressures generated by the recoil forces (due to passive forces alone)
Varies throughout the lung volumes |
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What are the 4 respiratory features that are important for speech production?
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pressure
volume flow chest wall shape |
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State and describe the two functions of respiration
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For life: gaseous exchange in the alveoli
For speech: exhaled air stream supplies power for speech sound generation |
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Respiration
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Gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide)
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Ventilation
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Air moving in and out of the system
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Torso
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Skeletal framework and muscular tissues that house important structures of respiration
Divided into upper and lower cavities |
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Thorax
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upper cavity
contains the lungs and respiratory passageways (respiratory system) |
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Abdomen
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lower cavity
contains much of the digestive system |
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Chest wall system
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rib cage, abdomen, diaphragm
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extrathoracic
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outside the thorax
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pleural cavity
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cavity formed by the thoracic cage
consists of 2 layers |
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double walled sac
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visceral and parietal pleurae
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What is the negative pressure in the pleural cavity?
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5 mm mercury
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The surface tension pressure between the two pleurae is always _____ than alveolar pressure
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less
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Upper airways
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oral cavity, nasal cavity, pharynx
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airway valve
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larynx
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lower airways
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air passageways below the larynx (trachea, bronchi,...to alveoli)
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Normally the lungs and thorax act as a _______.
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unit
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If removed from the thorax, the lungs would _________.
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relax and decrease in size
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If separated from the lungs, the thorax would _________.
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expand to greater volume
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When linked together, the lungs are __________ and the thorax is __________.
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somewhat expanded
somewhat compressed |
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Relationship between lungs and thorax at REL
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Force of lungs to collapse is opposed by equal and opposite force of thorax to expand
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What are the inhalatory muscles? How do they impact the size of the thorax?
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Diaphragm: increases the thorax in the vertical dimension
External intercostals: increase the thorax in lateral and anterior/posterior dimensions |
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What are the exhalatory muscles? How do they impact the size of the thorax?
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Abdominal muscles: pushes up into the thoracic cavity and pushes the diaphragm up, decreasing the size of the thorax in a vertical dimension
Internal intercostals: decrease the thorax in lateral and anterior/posterior dimensions |
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aerodynamic events
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describe how air is moved through the system
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How can alveolar pressure be measured?
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by measuring the pressure during the production of the phoneme /p/ with a small tube placed behind the teeth
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Boyle's Law
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PV = K
There is an inverse relationship between pressure and volume |
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"active force"
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contracting muscles
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Pressure gradient
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Air flows from regions of high pressure to regions of low pressure
A unidirectional phenomenon |
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What aerodynamic events need to happen for inspiration?
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Make the pressure gradient in favor of air flowing inward
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What are the active and passive forces in inspiration?
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Active forces: Contract inhalatory muscles
Passive forces: Gravity (if upright), elastic recoil and torque of ribcage at low lung volume (especially when below REL) |
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What aerodynamic events need to take place for expiration?
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Make pressure gradient in favor of air flowing outward by making the volume smaller
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What are the active and passive forces in expiration?
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Active forces: contract the respiratory muscles (abdominals, internal intercostals)
Passive forces: nonmuscular forces: torque of ribcage, gravity, elastic recoil of lung fibers and recoil force of surface tension in the alveoli |
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What are the pressures necessary for speech and where are they?
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Alveolar pressure - inside the lungs
Subglottal pressure/Tracheal pressure - below the vocal folds Oral pressure - inside the mouth |
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manometer
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device used to show pressure changes in terms of cm H2O
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How can tracheal and alveolar pressures be measured directly?
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By inserting a needle into the trachea
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Besides inserting a needle into the trachea, how can we measure tracheal pressure?
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Indirectly, by measuring oral pressure
These measurements are almost identical |
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How is oral pressure measured?
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By placing a tube behind the lips and measuring pressure during the closure portion of a stop consonant (usually /p/)
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Air flow
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A measure of a volume of air moving in a certain direction at a particular location per unit time.
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What determines air flow?
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It is strongly related to the larynx and the articulators.
Modified by various resistances to the flow of air |
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What device is used to measure airflow?
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a pneumotachograph - a mask that fits over the face
nose and mouth airflow can also be measured separately using a divided face mask |
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Lung volume
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amount of air in the lungs
measured in l, ml, cc or %VC |
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Respiratory kinematic analysis
-what is it? -how is it measured? |
In speaking situations, lung volumes are estimated from rib cage and abdominal movement
measured using a plethysmograph or with linearized magnetometers |
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During breathing for speech, the abdomen is ________ and the rib cage is ________ than in their respective relaxation positions.
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smaller
larger |
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What influences prephonatory chest wall movements?
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The length of the upcoming utterance
The person's lung volume when speech is initiated |
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Where is speech produced in respect to VC?
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In the midrange
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How does the type of phoneme being said influence respiration?
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Voiceless stops and fricatives need a high flow, while voiced stops and fricatives need a lower flow
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How does speech breathing change throughout the lifespan?
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Children's VC is lower
Children use more effort and are less efficient in producing speech (depending on speech fluency) Older adults typically have less recoil pressure as well as decreased VC, ERV and IRV and increased RV |
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Does positive pressure indicate inhalation or exhalation?
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exhalation
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Does negative pressure indicate inhalation or exhalation?
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inhalation
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What are examples of positive active forces?
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active work done by the internal intercostals and abdominals
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What are examples of active negative forces?
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active work done by the diaphragm and external intercostals
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What are examples of passive positive forces?
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nonmuscular forces such as torque, gravity and elastic recoil
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What are examples of passive negative forces?
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nonmuscular forces such as gravity (if upright), torque and elastic recoil
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Where would you have a very strong passive positive force?
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If you inhale to very high lung volume, the ribcage is stretched and wants to snap back to original position
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What are some medical and clinical conditions that affect speech breathing?
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Parkinson's Disease
Cerebellar Disease Cervical Spinal Cord Injury Cerebral Palsy Mechanical Ventilation Voice Disorders Hearing Impairment |
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Parkinson's Disease
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Rigidity of muscles that restricts range of movement
Chest wall shape often different, more displacement in abdomen than normal May show reduced VC |
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Typical speech patterns in people with Parkinson's Disease
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Monotonous speech, distorted articulation, breathy, weak voice (intensity affected)
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Treatment strategies for people with Parkinson's Disease
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Based on patient's breathing physiology
(e.g. teaching to speak in short phrases, activities to increase tracheal pressure) Specific strategies: breathing in and out as much and as forcefully as possible, sustaining voiceless sounds, taking deep breaths frequently, speaking at beginning of exhalation, sustaining vowels |
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Cerebellar Disease
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Movements become jerky and uncoordinated
Voice may fluctuate unpredictably in pitch and loudness Reduced VC |
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Typical speech patterns in people with Cerebellar Disease
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Inability to make fine adjustments to frequency and intensity necessary for stress and emphasis
Speech is slow, almost robotic Utterances may be initiated below normal starting lung levels |
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Cervical Spinal Cord Injury
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May cause weakness or paralysis
Much smaller than normal VC, IC and ERV Resting TV and breathing rate may be normal |
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Typical speech patterns of people with cervical spinal cord injury
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Reduced loudness, imprecise consonant production, abnormally short breath groups and slow inspirations
May have larger abdominal volumes |
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Treatment for people with cervical spinal cord injury
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Teach to take in larger amounts of air to help increase voice loudness
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Cerebral Palsy
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Spastic: structures are hypertonic and weak - inhalations are shallow and expirations are forced and uncontrolled
Athetoid: involuntary movements - uncontrolled breathing with involuntary bursts of air during inhalation and/or exhalation Ataxic: coordination is lacking - irregular rate, rhythm and depth of breathing |
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What is affected in children and adults with CP?
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All parameters of respiratory function (pressure, flow, volume and chest-wall shape)
Weak muscles cause difficulty in using respiratory muscles Air stream may be valved inefficiently Chest wall deformities |
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Treatment for people with CP
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Strengthening respiratory muscles
Posture supports (positioning, abdominal trussing) |
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Mechanical Ventilation
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Ventilator tube (cannula) is attached through a stoma in the neck, leading to the trachea
Some may still be able to speak but may have difficulties |
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Treatment for patients with mechanical ventilation
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Encouraging a patient to keep speaking as far into the expiratory portion of the cycle as possible
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Voice Disorders
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Systems involved in speech are closely intertwined
Tensions in one system affect the other systems |
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Techniques for people with voice disorders
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Pushing technique: work on closing vocal folds more strongly
Yawn-sigh technique: For people who close their vocal folds too tightly |
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Hyperfunctional Voice Disorders
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Associated with shallow breathing, poor coordination of expiration and phonation, clavicular breathing pattern, disrupted inspiratory and expiratory cycles of TV breathing
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Hearing Impairment
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People who are deaf or hard of hearing seem to have trouble controlling the airstream for speech
Respiratory system itself is not deviant but coordinating is difficult |
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How much sublottal pressure do we need for speech?
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A constant respiratory driving pressure of 5-10 cm H20 is needed for normal loudness levels
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What determines the relaxation pressure at any lung volume?
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The combined passive forces of the lungs and chest wall
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What happens at high lung volumes (above 55% of VC)?
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Both lungs and chest wall want to recoil to a smaller size
There is a high positive alveolar pressure |
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What is considered high lung volume?
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Above 55% of VC
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What happens at 38% of vital capacity?
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The forces to expand and to contract are opposite and equal to each other.
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What is the alveolar pressure due to passive forces alone at 38% of VC?
What is this known as? |
0
This is also known as REL |
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At lung volumes above 38% of VC, relaxation pressure is _________. Passive forces are ___________. Air flows _________.
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positive
exhalatory out |
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Exhalation is always ________ pressure
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positive
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At lung volumes below 38% of VC, relaxation pressure is _________. The passive forces are _________ and air flows __________.
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negative
inhalatory in |
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At lung volumes above 38% of VC, inhalation requires _________.
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active (muscular) forces
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At lung volumes below 38% of VC, exhalation requires _________.
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active (muscular) forces
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Inhalation is always _________ pressure.
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negative
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Breathing for speech and song requires use of _______ to _______
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active muscular forces
add to or subtract from the forces (and pressures) at different lung volumes |
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What causes the sounds during speech (with regards to air flow)?
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Kinetic energy from exhaled air stream becomes acoustic energy because of disturbances in the surrounding air
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What percentage of our vital capacity do we inhale to during conversational speech?
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Up to 60%
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What percent of vital capacity is REL?
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35-40%
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How much of our vital capacity do we use during normal speech?
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20-25%
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How much of our vital capacity do we use for loud speech?
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40%
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We inhale to what percentage of our vital capacity for loud speech?
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80%
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Why do we inhale to larger lung volumes for louder speech?
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To take advantage of positive relaxation pressure at high lung volumes.
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Why do we need to achieve pulsatile variations in respiratory driving pressure during connected speech?
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To make prosodic adjustments, especially for stress
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How do we achieve pulsatile variations in respiratory driving pressure during connected speech? What about at high lung volumes?
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Contraction of internal intercostals
At high lung volumes, the external intercostals momentarily reduce checking action to increase respiratory driving pressure |
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What is different for breathing in trained singers?
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They tend to use nearly all of their VC while singing so they need to learn and focus on optimal breathing techniques
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What are the differences between breathing for speech and breathing for life?
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Location of air intake
Ratio of time for inhalation versus exhalation Volume of air inhaled per cycle Muscle activity for exhalation |
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What is different regarding location of air intake between breathing for speech and breathing for life?
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Speech: We breathe through the mouth - it is more efficient and we can get more air, faster
Life: We tend to breathe more through the nose - cilia and mucous membrane cleans, filters, warms and moistens the air |
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What is different regarding ratio of time for inhalation vs. exhalation between breathing for speech and breathing for life?
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Life: 40% inhalation vs. 60% exhalation
Speech: 10% inhalation vs. 90% exhalation |
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What is different regarding volume of air inhaled per cycle between breathing for speech and breathing for life?
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Life: 500 cc - inhale up to 50% - use 10% of VC
Speech: inhale up to 60% VC - use 20-25% of VC |
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What is different regarding muscle activity for exhalation between breathing for speech and breathing for life?
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Life: exhalation is due to passive forces alone
Speech: Contract inhalatory and exhalatory muscles during exhalation |
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Diaphragmatic tuning
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When getting ready for speech, the abdomen is smaller and the rib cage is larger than in relaxation
Exhalatory muscles are contracted a little |
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What happens to the abdominal wall during speech breathing?
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It moves in and pushes up on the diaphragm, expanding the lower rib cage and allowing the diaphragm to make quick, strong contractions
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How is abdominal movement measured?
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Using Respiratory Inductive Plethysmography (RIP) or a magnetometer
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What are some factors that influence speech breathing patterns?
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- Length of the utterance
- Speaking task complexity - Clause Boundaries - Loudness of the intended utterance - Type of phoneme - Whispering |
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How do linguistic considerations influence speech breathing patterns?
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We control the amount of air inhaled, timing and rate of exhalation based on length of the utterance, clause boundaries and stress patterns
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How does speaking task complexity influence speech breathing patterns?
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When the task is more complex we tend to use more air per syllable (due to slower speech) so we have fewer syllables per breath
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How do clause boundaries influence speech breathing patterns?
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The places we choose to pause and take a breath is usually determined by location of the clause boundaries. For example, we do not inhale in the middle of a clause.
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How does the loudness of the intended utterance influence speech breathing patterns?
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In order to speak more loudly, we need to allow more air to flow out per syllable. We must inhale faster and to larger lung volumes to take advantage of a higher positive relaxation pressure.
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How does the type of phoneme influence speech breathing patterns?
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We use more air on voiceless stops and fricatives than on voiced stops and fricatives.
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How does whispering influence speech breathing patterns?
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We use less lung volume than for voiced speech
We tend to terminate speech at lower lung volumes (often below REL) We use more air flow per syllable, which means we have fewer syllables per breath We have a lower subglottal pressure |
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What changes in speech breathing happen when we age?
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Declination of surface area of alveoli
Lung size decreases Ossification/Calcification of ribs Vertical dimensions of thoracic cavity become smaller Force and rate of muscle contractions change (meaning slower movements) Less blood volume |
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What is a spirometer?
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A way to measure and record lung volumes and capacities.
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What is the difference between a Vital Capacity Maneuver and a Forced Vital Capacity Maneuver?
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The speed of exhalation.
VC - exhale as fully as possible FVC - exhale as quickly and fully as possible |
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Flow Volume Loop
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Shows the relationship between rate of airflow and lung volume for inspiration and expiration
Curve represents exhalatory and inhalatory airflow during FVC Should be fairly symmetrical |
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Manometer
-What does it do? -What measurements does it give us? |
Used to check for sufficient driving pressure
Gives us pressure measurements and estimates of pressure during speech |
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Pneumotachograph
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Used to check pressure of airflow during speech
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Kinematic analysis using a plethysmograph or magnetometers
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Allows us to look at how the structures are moving (e.g. the chest wall) during speech
-With appropriate attachments, can also measure lip mandible movement |
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Typical speech breathing patterns of children (in relation to young adults)
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- Spend more speaking time below REL
- Use more airflow per syllable - Inhale up to 65% of VC - On average, talk down to 30% of VC (use 35% of VC for speech) - Use more effort and are less efficient speakers - Insert more fillers and talk at a slower rate |
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Typical speech breathing patterns of elderly people (in relation to young adults)
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Most changes are associated with the changing structures due to aging
- Don't start talking until later in exhalation, so they may run out of air in the middle and they lose the ability to use relaxation pressure - Need to take in breaths more frequently - Inhale to a slightly higher lung volume - Slower speech - More air flow during speech (per syllable) - Loudness may be reduced |
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Respiratory Inductive Plethysmography
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RIP
A way to monitor respiratory activity without physical connection to the airway 2 coils enclosed in bands and are worn around the rib cage and the abdomen Estimates lung volume |
