Speech Science Ch. 2 & 3

Front 1

when does sound occur?

Back 1

when a disturbance creates changes in pressure in gas, liquid or solid medium

Front 2

human sound production and perception systems rely primarily on

Back 2

air (gas)

Front 3

what is air?

Back 3

complex multitude of gases, constant motion in of random movement

Front 4

brownian motion

Back 4

presumably random drifting of particles suspended in a fluid

Front 5

when molecules collide was does it produce?

Back 5

pressure

Front 6

what is air pressure?

Back 6

force that acts perpendicularly on a surface; can move objects

Front 7

what are the measurements of air pressure?

Back 7

dyne/cm2, PSI, MKS, cgs system

Front 8

Dyne/cm2

Back 8

measures small amounts of force (unit of force) cm2--> unit of area

Front 9

PSI

Back 9

pounds per square inch

Front 10

MKS

Back 10

meters, kilograms, seconds (metric) measured in newtons

Front 11

N/m2

Back 11

1 pascal too large for speech, use micropascal

Front 12

cgs system

Back 12

centimeters, grams, seconds

Front 13

Pressure can also be described by the _________

Back 13

amount of force it takes to move a column of liquid (water or mercury)

Front 14

positive pressure vs. negative pressure vs. vacuum

Back 14

pressure higher than atmospheric pressure; pressure lower than atmospheric pressure; total absence of air (total absence of pressure)

Front 15

movement of air through particular area in a certain interval of time

Back 15

flow

Front 16

rate of flow, how fast gas is flowing

Back 16

volume velocity

Front 17

difference in pressure causes air to flow from higher to lower pressure

Back 17

driving pressure

Front 18

what kind of movement of air is critical for producing speech?

Back 18

driving pressure

Front 19

smooth flow of air with molecules moving in parallel direction at same speed

Back 19

laminar

Front 20

obstacle disrupts flow of air random variations in pressure

Back 20

turbulent flow

Front 21

air has an inverse relationship bw what?

Back 21

air volume and pressure

Front 22

air has a proportional relationship between what?

Back 22

air pressure and density

Front 23

volume

Back 23

refers to the amount of space occupied in three dimensions

Front 24

density

Back 24

refers to amount of mass per unit of volume

Front 25

Boyle's Law

Back 25

increased volume in enclose space decreases pressure; decreased volume in enclosed space increases pressure

Front 26

area of positive pressure, result of approaching and colliding air molecules which increases air density

Back 26

compression

Front 27

area of low pressure, result of increased distance bw air molecules, which decreases air density

Back 27

rarefraction

Front 28

clinical application of air pressure

Back 28

TM set into movement (moves slightly inward by force of compression, drawn outward by rarefraction), TM vibrates in response to air pressure, tiny bones of mid ear vibrate, sets fluid in motion in inner ear, triggers nerve cells which generates a nerve impulse, interpreted in brain as sound

Front 29

what is the basic nature of sound?

Back 29

consists of alternating increases and decreases in Pam

Front 30

elasticity and inertia

Back 30

when air molecules are set into vibration by disturbance, they vibrate a tiny distance around their rest positions, eventually coming to a stop (areas of compression and rarefraction)

Front 31

elasticity

Back 31

restoring force

Front 32

Hooke's Law

Back 32

(describes elasticity) states that the restoring force is proportional to the distance of displacement and acts in the opposite direction

Front 33

matter will remain at rest or continue in a fixed direction unless affected by some outside source

Back 33

inertia

Front 34

max distance from rest position molecule is displaced (determined by amount of energy involved in movement)

Back 34

amplitude

Front 35

decrease in amplitude, decrease in energy of sound; causes molecules to finally settle to their rest position

Back 35

damping

Front 36

what are the characteristics of a sound wave?

Back 36

frequency and period, amplitude, velocity, wavelength

Front 37

graph of waveform: x-axis, y-axis

Back 37

time, amplitude

Front 38

what are the different types of measurements and scales?

Back 38

visipitch, sonospeechII, normed scales

Front 39

normed scales: infants, children, males, females

Back 39

350-500hz, 270-300hz, 120hz, 220hz

Front 40

what is frequency?

Back 40

number of vibratory cycles per second

Front 41

what is frequency measured in?

Back 41

hertz

Front 42

frequencies important to speech signals?

Back 42

100-5000hz

Front 43

its important that frequency response of auditory system be matched to what?

Back 43

the sound-producing mechanism

Front 44

what is pitch?

Back 44

measured as cycles of vibration per second or hertz

Front 45

what is a typical female, male, and child pitch?

Back 45

190-230, 110-130, 300

Front 46

what is the range of pitch for males and females?

Back 46

80-500, 130-650

Front 47

amount of motion of a vibrating object or the amount of pressure change generated by the motion of the object

Back 47

amplitude

Front 48

amplitude is measured in what?

Back 48

dyne/cm2

Front 49

amount of energy or power needed to generate a certain output

Back 49

intensity

Front 50

what is the unit of intensity?

Back 50

db

Front 51

what is loudness?

Back 51

how your ears perceive the intensity generated by the degree of pressure change

Front 52

what is loudness measured in?

Back 52

phons

Front 53

____ the amplitude ____ the intensity =louder the sound

Back 53

increase, increase

Front 54

Intensity
increased loudness = a and b

Back 54

increased pitch, increased collision of the folds

Front 55

what is intensity measured in?

Back 55

db SPL

Front 56

how is intensity controlled in speech?

Back 56

subglottal pressure

Front 57

what happens to the VF during speech?

Back 57

they open and close to produce vibration

Front 58

Fundamental frequency is perceived as the _____ of the sound, where amplitude is perceived as the _____ of the sound

Back 58

pitch, loudness

Front 59

fundamental frequency

Back 59

lowest frequency component of a complex periodic wave

Front 60

fundamental frequencies of men and women

Back 60

130hz, 220hz

Front 61

the pitch changing mechanism

Back 61

person engaged in normal conversation may produce laryngeal tones that vary in pitch over a range of almost two octaves

Front 62

frequency and period

Back 62

one back and forth movement of the molecule makes up one cycle of vibration

Front 63

what is a cycle of vibration?

Back 63

increase in pressure, decrease in pressure, a further decrease in pressure, return to baseline

Front 64

frequency definition?

Back 64

number of cycles per second at which object of air vibrates

Front 65

period

Back 65

time it takes cycle to occur

Front 66

wave in which the cycles take the same amount of time to occur as every other cycle, and extent of pressure changes is equal for all cycles....example

Back 66

periodic wave form ie musical tone

Front 67

wave in which individual cycles do not take the same amount of time to occur....example

Back 67

aperiodic wave form ie noise

Front 68

same even pattern of vibration of the air molecules around it, which in turn vibrate the TM

Back 68

simple harmonic motion

Front 69

complex wave form

Back 69

wave consisting of two or more frequencies

Front 70

complex periodic wave forms

Back 70

consist of a series of frequencies that are systematically related to each other. Lowest is F0 and everything above that is harmonics--> whole number multiples

Front 71

the period is related to the _______ and depends on the _______ of the source

Back 71

frequency; physical characteristics

Front 72

speed depends on the characteristics of the _____

Back 72

medium

Front 73

wavelength

Back 73

distance in meters or centimeters covered by one complete cycle of pressure changes

Front 74

line spectrum --> glottal spectrum

Back 74

shows that the f0 is the lowest frequency and has the greatest amplitude; as harmonic frequencies increase, amplitude decreases systematically at a rate of 12 db per octave

Front 75

how many harmonics are in the human voice? what is significant in the human voice up to around?

Back 75

40; 4000 to 5000hz

Front 76

in sound production, the larynx is ____

Back 76

aerodynamic system

Front 77

what does sound production require?

Back 77

pulmonary power, vocal valving, sound shaping or resonance

Front 78

use of air pressure to se the elastic vf into vibration (phonation) or allow air to pass through larynx into upper vocal tract

Back 78

vocal valving

Front 79

subglottic pressure

Back 79

during each opening a tiny bit of air or "puffs" escape, cute off sharply by abruptly closing glottis; rapid vibration of folds means each "puff" follows; chain of air puffs set up a pressure wave at the glottis

Front 80

how many times do the vocal folds vibrate per second?

Back 80

over 100x

Front 81

in order for phonation to occur, air pressure below the folds must ____the pressure above the folds

Back 81

exceed

Front 82

what are some etiologies of people with voice disorders?

Back 82

vocal misuse, structural, neurological, trauma

Front 83

voice disorders

Back 83

problems related to frequency and amplitude variability

Front 84

what might indicate a voice disorder?

Back 84

inadequate or decreased f0

Front 85

what are types of speech disorders?

Back 85

ataxic, flaccid, hyperkinetic, hypokinetic, spastic, mixed

Front 86

ataxic

Back 86

monopitch, monoloudness, inappropriate burts of pitch and loudness

Front 87

flaccid

Back 87

low pitch, monopitch, monoloudness

Front 88

hyperkinetic

Back 88

involuntary variations in pitch and loudness

Front 89

hypokinetic

Back 89

monopitch, monoloudnesss, reduced loudness

Front 90

spastic

Back 90

low pitch, monopitch, reduced stress