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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Captive Audience |
Individuals who feel they must attend an event. |
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Sources of Information
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Presenting a speech in which the speaker seeks to deepen understanding, raise awareness, or increase knowledge about a topic. |
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Complete Sentence outline
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Formal outline using full sentences for all points developed after researching the speech and identifying supporting materials; includes a speech’s topic, general purpose, specific purpose, thesis, introduction, main points, subpoints, conclusion, transitions, and references.
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Keyword Outline
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Term associated with a topic and used to search for information related to that topic; identifies a subject or point of primary interest or concern.
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Working Outline
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Outline that guides you during the initial stages of topic development, helping to keep you focused on your general purpose and clarify your specific purpose.
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Presentation Outline
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Outline that distills a complete-sentence outline, listing only the words and phrases that will guide the speaker through the main parts of the speech and the transitions between them.
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Relabeling
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Assigning more positive words or phrases to the physical reactions and feelings associated with speech anxiety.
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Visualization
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Imagining a successful communication event by thinking through a sequence of actions in a positive, concrete, step-by-step way.
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General Purposes
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Speaker’s overall objective: to inform, to persuade, or to entertain.
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Specific Purpose
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Concise statement articulating what the speaker will achieve in giving a speech.
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Thesis
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Single declarative sentence that captures the essence or central idea of a speech.
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Ethos
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Appeals linked to the speaker’s credibility.
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Pathos
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Appeals to emotion.
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Logos
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Appeals to logic. |
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Rhetoric
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Aristotle’s term for public speaking.
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Plagiarism
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Presenting someone else’s ideas and work, such as speeches, papers, and images, as your own.
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Brainstorming process
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Free-form generation of ideas for speech topics and content in which individuals think of and record ideas without immediately evaluating them. |
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Communication as a process |
Speaker Message Channel Noise Feedback Context Environment |
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Spotlight effect
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Phenomenon that leads us to think other people observe us much more carefully than they actually do.
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Components of credibility
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An audience’s perception of a speaker’s competence, trustworthiness, dynamism, and sociability.
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Cicero’s five “arts” (or canons) of public speaking
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Invention Arrangement Style Memory Delivery (IASMD) |
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Strategies for managing speech anxiety
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Relaxation, Re-Labeling and Visualization
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Demographics
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Ways in which populations can be divided into smaller groups according to key characteristics such as sex, ethnicity, age, and social class.
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Audience beliefs
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Something an individual accepts as true or existing.
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Listening process |
Set Goals Block Distractions Manage Listening Anxiety Suspend Judgment Focus on the Speaker’s Main Points Take Effective Notes Use All Your Senses Ask Good Questions |
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Audience adaption |
The process of customizing your message to fit a specific audience.
Audience adaptation is not merely saying what you think your listeners want to hear; rather, it is saying what your listeners need to hear in order to pay attention to you. |
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audience analysis |
Obtaining and evaluating information about an audience in order to anticipate its members’ needs and interests and design a strategy to respond to them.
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Ethical communication
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The moral aspects of our interactions with others, including truthfulness, fairness, responsibility, integrity, and respect. |
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Types of listening
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hearing, understanding, remembering, interpreting, evaluating, and responding |
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Illusion of transparency |
The tendency of individuals to believe that how they feel is much more apparent to others than is really the case. |
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Invention (1) |
Discovering what to say in a speech, such as by choosing a topic and developing good arguments; how you organize your ideas. |
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Arrangement (2) |
Way in which ideas presented in a speech are organized; how you organize your ideas. |
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Style (3) |
Language or words used in a speech; imagery you use to bring a speech’s content to life |
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Memory (4) |
Using the ability to recall information to give an effective speech. |
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Delivery (5) |
Public presentation of a speech to an audience; how you use your voice, gestures, and body movement when giving a speech. |
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Narrative |
Story used in a speech or other form of communication; description of events in a dramatic fashion; also called a story. |
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Types of Media |
Mass media; Mediated personal communication; Expressive technology; Face-to-face |
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Mass media |
This is the least interactive sphere of communication. Nonetheless, mainstream media still occupy an enormous amount of our time as we search for information and entertainment. |
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Mediated personal communication
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Mobile technologies and the internet have become dominant forms of social interaction, giving us the ability to connect instantly with others by voice, text, and image.
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Expressive technology
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Digital technology has opened up endless ways for ordinary people to gather information and creatively express themselves, fulfilling a basic human need.
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Face-to-face |
This type of communication encompasses unmediated contact with other people, including most public speaking situations. |
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Models of Communication |
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Speaker |
Person who assumes the primary responsibility for conveying a message in a public communication context.
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Message
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Words and nonverbal cues a speaker uses to convey ideas, feelings, and thoughts.
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Channel
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Mode or medium of communication.
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Noise
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Anything that interferes with the understanding of a message.
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Feedback
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Audience members’ responses to a speech
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Context
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Situation in which a speech is given.
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Environment
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External surroundings that influence a public speaking event. |
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Hearing
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The physical reception of sounds. When you listen, you selectively receive and attend to sounds and other sensory stimuli.
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Understanding
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Comprehending what you have heard. Conscious intention to focus on the speaker and strive to understand the meaning of the speaker’s message.
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Remembering
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allows you to think about and recall auditory information. To recall what you’ve heard and understood, your brain must first commit the information to the immediate memory or what is happening in the moment.
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interpret
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assign meaning to the sounds you’ve received based on your own experiences and knowledge.
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Evaluating
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allows you to critically examine a message, such as when you test a speaker’s logic. |
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Responding
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Respond to what the speaker has said. Appropriate verbal and nonverbal responses demonstrate your involvement in the speech and reflect your effectiveness as a listener. |