Speech Class Vocabulary

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critical listening

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gives a fair hearing to messages taht go against attitudes or come from unattractive sources; develop a skeptical orientation to what you hear; EXAMINE EVIDENCE, ASSESS THE CREDIBILITY OF SOURCES< ANALYZE RHETORICAL STRATEGIES

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inferences

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assumptions or projections based on incomplete data

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to evaluate speeches, critique:

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commitment, adaptation (to listeners), purpose, freshness, ethics, substance, structure, language use, and presentation skills

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extemporaneous presentation

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students carefully prepare and practice a speech but do not write it out or memorize it

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ethics

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the moral dimension of human conduct, involves the way we treat others and want to be treated by them

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responsible knowledge

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knowing the main points of concern, understanding what experts believe about them, being aware of the recent events or discoveries concerning them, and realizing how these ideas affect the lives of listeners

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selective relaxation

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a technique in which you relax yourself by breathing deeply and tense and relax all parts of your body separating

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cognitive restructuring

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changing the messages you send yourself about your public speaking experiences

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responsible knowing(short def)

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the most comprehensive understanding of your topic that you can develop in the time available to prepare your speech

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meta-search engine

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engages several general search engines at the same time, expanding the scope of your research

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subject directory

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organizes links on topic-specific materials

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invisible web

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contains highly credible databases on the Internet that are not tapped by popular general search engines

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advocacy web sites

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purpose is to change attitudes or behaviors (often .org)

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information web sites

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provides factual material on a specific topic (edu, gov, com)

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evaluate research material using:

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authority, accuracy, objectivity, currency, and coverage

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authority

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evaluate the credibility of the source

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evaluate accuracy

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look at other materials that relate to your topic and see if they concur

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objectivity

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freedom from bias

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evaluate coverage

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the breadth and depth of info provided

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probes

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questions that ask a person to elaborate on a response

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mirror questions

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reflect part of a response to encourage additional discussion

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verifier

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confirms the meaning of something that has been said

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reinforcer

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provides encouragement for the person to communicate further

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source card

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contains standard bibliographical information

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information card

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records summaries, paraphrases, and quotations

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supporting materials

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help illustrate the meaning of topics, show the relevance of ideas, make your words memorable, and verify controversial statements or claims

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facts

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statements that can be verified by independent observers

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statistics

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numerical facts; describe the size of something, make predictions, illustrate trends, or show relationships

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definition

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translates unfamiliar or technical terms into words your listeners will understand

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explanations

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claifies a topic or demonstrates how it works

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description

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word picture that helps listeners visualize what you are talking about

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testimony

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supports an idea by showing what others have said or written about it

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expert testimony

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comes from people who are qualified by training or experience to speak as authorities on a subject

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lay testimony

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represents the voice of the people and is highly regarded in countries in which elections are the source of political power; firsthand experience or strong feeling with the topic

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prestige testimoney

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well-known and respected public figures; power based on that person's good repution

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brief example

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a specific instance to demonstrate a general statement

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extended example

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contains more detail and allows you to dwell more fully on an illustration

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factual example

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provides strong support for your ideas because they are grounded in reality

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hypothetical example

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a composite of actual people, situations, or events

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narrative

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story that illustrates an idea

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comparison

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helps an audience grasp an idea by pointing out its similarities to something else the audience already understand or accepts

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analogy

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combines the principles of comparison and contrast; points out similarities between things or concepts that are essentially dissimilar

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literal analogy

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the subjects come from the same realm of experience, such as football or soccer

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figurative analogy

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the subjects come from different realms of experience such as business and sports

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relevant supporting materials

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apply directly to your topic and specific purpose

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representative supporting materials

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depicts a situation as it typically represents

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reliable supporting material

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comes from credible sources and can be confirmed by other authorities

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informative value

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measured by how much new and important information or understanding it provides the audience

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agenda-setting function

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the media establishing the topic's importance in the public's mind

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intensity

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how much an object contrasts with its background

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spatial design

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useful for speeches that describe places or locate subjects within a physical arrangement; orderly imaginary journey from one place to another

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sequential design

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moves people through time;step by step

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chronological design

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presents the sequence of important events in the history of a subject; best suited to explanation

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categorical design

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for when you want to discuss subjects that have natural or customary divisions

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comparative design

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useful when topic is new to audience, abstract, highly technical, or simply difficult to understand; relates the topic to something the audience already knows about

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causation design

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explains a situation, condition, or event in terms of the causes that led up to it

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attitude

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the tendency to behave in a certain way

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belief

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the conviction in the existence or reality of something or in the truth of some assertion

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value

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an indicator of what people feel is good or bad, ethical or unethical, just or unjust

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behavior

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overt, observable actions such as voting for increased funding in education

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law of selective exposure

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1. listeners actively seek out information that supports their opinions, beliefs, values, decisions, and behaviors 2. listeners actively avoid information that contradicts their existing opinions, beliefs, attitudes, values, decisions, and behaviors

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identification

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similarity of cultural, educational, or social backgrounds may help you indentify with your audience

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reasoning from specific instances

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you examine several specific instances and then arrive at a generalization about the whole (induction)

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reasoning from causes and effects

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you may reason from cause to effect or from effect to cause

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reasoning from sign

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drawing a conclusion on the basis of the presence of signs because they frequently occur together

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straw man

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easy-to-destroy oversimplifiction or distortion of the opposing position

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plain folks

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the speaker is good because he or she is "just one of the guys" (fallacy)

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card stacking

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the speaker selects only the evidence and arguments that support his or her case and may even falsify evidence or distort facts to better fit the case

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thin entering wedge

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ex. same sex marriage will destroy the family

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agenda setting

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a speaker indicates that X is the issue and that all others are unimportant and insignificant

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personal interest

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the speaker disqualifies someone because he or she isn't directly affected by the issue or doesn't have firsthand knowledge; speaker disqualifies someone because he or she will benefit in some way from a proposal

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glittering generality

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tries to make listeners like an idea because it is associated with things they value highly (like free speech or democracy)