Speech Class

Front 1

The first amendment to the constitution was written to guarantee that:

Back 1

"Congress shall make no law.....abridging the freedom of speech."

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What did the Sedition Act provide?

Back 2

punishment for those who spoke out against the government.

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What is the American Civil Liberties Union?

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the first organization formed to protect free speech.

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The supreme Court defended the burning of the U.S. flag as what?

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a "speech" act protected by the first amendment

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The patriot act sparked new debate over the balance between what and what?

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national security and free speech

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Speaking ethically can be defined as what?

Back 6

Have a clear, reasonable goal and use sound evidence and reasoning
Be sensitive and tolerant of differences.
Be honest, avoid plagiarism, and do your own work
Acknowledge your sources and cite them correctly

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How do we listen ethically?

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Communicate your expectations and feedback
Be sensitive to and tolerant of differences. Consider diverse cultural norms and audience expectations as part of the context w/ in which you listen to and evaluate the speaker.
Listen critically

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channels

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a message is transmitted from sender to receiver via two channels: visual and auditory. (visual) Audience members see the speaker and decode his or her nonverbal symbols-(eye contact), facial expressions, posture, gestures, and dress, visual aids. (auditory) opens as the speaker speaks and the audience member hears the words as inflection, rate, and voice quality

Front 9

Code

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a verbal or nonverbal symbol for an idea or image that an audience can recognize.
ex.) showing two inches w/ your fingers

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context

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the environment or situation in which the speech occurs. Time, place, and the speaker's and audience's cultural traditions and expectations. ex.) No speech is an island-no speech occurs in a vacuum. Rather each speech is a blend of circumstances that can never be replicated exactly again
Ex.) The identical message will change the speaking content....if the room is hot, crowded, or poorly lit, an audience at 10a.m. is likely to be more receptive than one at 4:30. A speaker who was in traffic for 90 minutes may not be enthusiastic

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declamation

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the delivery of an already famous address

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elocution

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hand in hand with declamation (the expression of emotion through posture, movement, gestures, facial expression, and voice.
Used for effective delivery in the mid-19th century to the early 20th. Manuals used in classrooms, in homes

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decode

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to translate verbal or nonverbal symbols into ideas and images that constitute a message

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empowerment

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the ability to speak with confidence and competence will provide empowerment. To be empowered is to have resources, information, and attitudes that allow you to take action to achieve a desired goal

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encode

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The job of the public speaker is to encode, or translate, the ideas and images in his or her mind into verbal or nonverbal symbols(code) that an audience can recognize

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external noise

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anything that interferes with the communication of a message is called noise. Noise may be physical and external. If your a.m. public speaking class is frequently interrupted by the roar of a lawn mower, it may be difficult to concentrate,

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internal noise

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may stem from either physiological or psychological causes and may directly affect either the source or the receiver. ex.) a bad cold, can affect the speaker, if the audience has an upcoming exam, it can affect

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feedback

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verbal and nonverbal responses provided by an audience to a speaker

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message

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the speech itself-both what is said and how it is said. If the speaker has trouble finding words to convey his or her ideas or sends contradictory nonverbal symbols, listeners may not be able to decode the speaker's verbal and nonverbal symbols into a message

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receiver

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the individual audience member, whose decoding of the message will depend on his or her particular blend of past experiences, attitudes, beliefs, and values.

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rhetoric

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another term for the use of words and symbols to achieve a goal

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source

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a PUBLIC SPEAKER is a source of information and ideas for an audience

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3 general purposes for speeches

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to inform
to persuade
to entertain

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specific purpose

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a concise statement indicating what you want your listeners to be able to do, remember, or feel when you finish your speech
specific purpose statement identifies the audience response you desire

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Central Idea

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This identifies the essence of your message. A one sentence summary of your speech. Ex.) Topic:The South Beach Diet
General Purpose: To inform
Specific Purpose: At the end of my speech, the audience will be able to identify the 3 key elements in the South Beach Diet.
Central Idea: The South Beach Diet is based on the amount of carbohydrates you eat, drinking more H20, and increasing exercise

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disposition

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the process of developing an orderly speech

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invention

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The development or discovery of new insights or new approaches to old problems

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main idea

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the key points of a speech; subdivisions of the central idea

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speech topic

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The key focus of the content of a speech

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ethics

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the beliefs, values, and moral principles by which people determine what is right or wrong.
ex.) Christians The Golden Rule, "Do unto others as you would have others do unto you"

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free speech

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protected by law, but the right to speak freely must be balanced by the responsibility to speak ethically

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accommodation

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sensitivity to differences
a willingness to listen to opposing viewpoints and learn about different beliefs and values

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plagiarize

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to steel ideas

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plagiaparaphrasing

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lacing a speech with compelling phrases you find in a source that you do not credit

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oral citation

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The oral presentation of such information about a source as the author, title, and year of publication

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speech act

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a behavior, such as burning the flag, that is viewed by law as nonverbal communication and is subject to the same protections and limitations as verbal speech

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andragogy

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the art and science of teaching adults

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pedagogy

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the art and science of teaching children

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speech to inform

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shares information with others to enhance their knowledge or understanding of the information, concept, and ideas presented

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behavioral objective

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statement of the specific purpose of a speech, expressed in terms of desired audience behavior at the end of the speech

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blueprint

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The central idea of a speech plus a preview of main ideas

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brainstorming

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a problem-solving technique used to generate many ideas

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central idea

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a one-sentence summary of a speech

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general purpose

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The overarching goal of a speech-to inform persuade, or to entertain

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main ideas

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the key points of a speech;subdivisions of the central idea

Front 46

specific purpose

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A concise statement of what you want your listeners to know, feel, or be able to do when you finish speaking

Front 47

web directory

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A web site that allows access to the World Wide Web by offering the user ever-more-specific categories of information from which to select

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Goals of informative speeches

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enhance understanding
gain & maintain interest
ensure that listeners can remember what was sai

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specific purpose statements should always be written how?

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behaviorally, in terms of what you want the audience to be able to do at the end of the speech

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cause and effect organization

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organization that focuses on a situation and it causes or a situation and its effects

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chronological organization

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organization by time or sequence
usually historical and how-to speeches

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primacy

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suggests that you discuss your most important or convincing point FIRST in your speech.

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recency

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the point discussed last is the one audiences will remember best. If your audience is somewhat knowledgeable about and generally favorable toward your topic and central idea, you should probably organize your main points according to recency

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complexity

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if your main ideas range from simple to the more complex, it makes sense to arrange them in a n order of complexity, progressing from the simple to the more complex

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hard evidence

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factual examples and statistics

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soft evidence

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supporting material based on opinion or inference; includes hypothetical illustrations, descriptions, explanations, definitions, analogies, and opinions

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spatial organization

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organizing by location and direction:
as you enter the room the table will be to your left, the door to your right, and upstairs is the bathroom

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problem-solution organization

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if you want to emphasize how best to solve a problem

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5 ways to organize ideas

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topically
chronologically
spatially
to show cause and effect
to present problems and solutions

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Integrate supporting material

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state the point
cite the source
present the supporting material
explain how the supporting material substantiates or develops the point

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specificity

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from specific information to general overview or from general overview to specific information

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signposts

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words and gestures that allow you to move smoothly from one idea to the next throughout your speech, showing relationships between ideas and emphasizing important points. Three types of signposts can serve as glue to hold your speech together: transitions previews and summaries

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verbal transitions

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in addition to:
Not only:
In other words
In summary
Therefore
or:
First, Second, third

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initial previews

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the preview statement is a statement of what the main ideas of the speech will be and is usually presented in conjunction with the central idea as a blueprint for the speech, at or near the end of the introduction

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internal previews

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in addition to using previews near the beginning of their speeches, speakers also use them at various points throughout. These internal previews introduce and outline ideas that will be developed as the speech progresses

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summaries

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like previews, summaries provide additional exposure to a speaker's ideas and can help ensure that audience members will grasp them

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final summary

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occurs just before the end of a speech, the last exposure to the ideas

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types of signposts

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verbal transitions
nonverbal transitions
preview
summaries

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presentation aids:

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increase the likelihood that your listeners will attend to your signposting

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preparation outline

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includes main ideas, subpoints, and supporting material.
may also include the specific purpose, introduction, blueprint, signposts, and conclusion

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mapping

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clustering
writing all of the main ideas and subpoints for a speech...geometric shapes and arrows

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the speech outlining process has 3 stages

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1.)developing a preparation outline
2.)editing the speech
3.)developing a delivery outline and speaking notes

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Do we include the purpose statement or central idea in the delivery outline?

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no