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56 Cards in this Set

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  • Back
Legally blind
A person who has visual acuity of 20/200 or less in the better eye even with correction or has a field of vision so narrow that its widest diameter subtends an angular distance no greater than 20 degrees
Low vision
A term used by educators to refer to individuals whose visual impairment is not so severe that they are unable to read print of any kind; they may read large or regular print, and they may need some kind of magnification; using the legal/medical system, low vision is acuity between 20/70 and 20/200 in the better eye with correction
Braille
A system in which raised dots allow people who are blind to read with their fingertips; each quadrangular cell contains from one to six dots, the arrangement of which denotes different letters and symbols
Cornea
A transparent cover in front of the iris and pupil in the eye; responsible for most of the refraction of light rays in focusing on an object
Aqueous humor
A watery substance between the cornea and lens of the eye
Pupil
The contractile opening in the middle of the iris of the eye
Iris
The colored portion of the eye; contracts or expands; depending on the amount of light striking it
Lens
A structure that refines and changes the focus of the light rays passing through the eye
Vitreous humor
A transparent, gelatinous substance that fills the eyeball between the retina and the lens of the eye
Retina
The back portion of the eye, containing nerve fibers connected to the optic nerve
Visual acuity
The ability to see fine details; usually measured with the Snellen chart
Snellen chart
Used in determining visual acuity; consists of rows of letters or Es arranged in different positions; each row corresponds to the distance at which a normally sighted person can discriminate the letters; does not predict how accurately a child will be able to read print
Visual efficiency
A term used to refer to how well one uses his or her vision, including such things as control of eye movements, attention to visual detail, and discrimination of figure from background; believed by some to be more important than visual acuity alone in predicting a person's ability to function visually
Functional vision assessment
An appraisal of an individual's use of vision in everyday situations
Refraction
The bending of light rays as they pass through the structures (cornea, aqueous humor, pupil, lens, vitreous humor) of the eye
Myopia
Nearsightedness; vision for distant objects is affected; usually results when eyeball is too long
Hyperopia
Farsightedness; vision for near objects is affected; usually results when the eyeball is too short
Astigmatism
Blurred vision caused by an irregular cornea or lens
Glaucoma
A condition often, but not always, due to excessive pressure in the eyeball; the cause is unknown; if untreated, blindness results
Optic nerve
The nerve at the back of the eye, which sends visual information back to the brain
Cataracts
A condition caused by clouding of the lens of the eye; affects color vision and distance vision
Diabetic retinopathy
A condition resulting from interference with the blood supply to the retina; the fastest growing cause of blindness
Cortical visual impairment (CVI)
A poorly understood childhood condition that apparently involves dysfunction in the visual cortex; characterized by large day-to-day variations in visual ability
Retinitis pigmentosa
A hereditary condition resulting in degeneration of the retina; causes a narrowing of the field of vision and affects night vision
Tunnel vision
A condition characterized by problems in peripheral vision, or a narrowing of the field of vision
Night blindness
A condition characterized by problems in seeing at low levels of illumination; often caused by retintis pigmentosa
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP)
A condition resulting in abnormal growth of blood vessels in the eye; caused by factors related to premature birth, including the administration of an excessive concentration of oxygen at birth
Strabismus
A condition in which the eyes are directed inward (crossed eyes) or outward
Nystagmus
A condition in which there are rapid involuntary movements of the eyes; sometimes indicates a brain malfunction and/or inner-ear problems
Orientation and mobility (O&M) skills
The ability to have a sense of where one is relation to other people, objects, and landmarks and to move through the environment
Cognitive mapping
A nonsequential way of conceptualizing the spatial environment that allows a person who is visually impaired to know where several points in the environment are simultaneously; allows for better mobility than does a strictly sequential conceptualization of the environment
Obstacle sense
A skill possessed by some people who are blind, whereby they can detect the presence of obstacles in their environments; research has shown that it is not an indication of an extra sense, as popularly thought; it is the result of learning to detect subtle changes in the pitches of high-frequency echoes
Doppler effect
A term used to describe the phenomenon of the pitch of a sound rising as the listener moves towards its source
Phonological awareness
The ability to understand that speech flow can be broken into smaller sound units such as words, syllables, and phonemes; generally thought to be the reason for the reading problems of many students with learning disabilities
Stereotypic behaviors
Any of a variety of repetitive behaviors that are sometimes found in individuals who are autistic, blind, severely intellectually disabled, or psychotic; sometimes referred to as stereotypies or blindisms
Literary braille
Braille symbols used for most writing situations
Nemeth Code
Braille symbols used for mathematics and science
Unified English Braille
A combination of literary braille and braille codes for technical fields, such as the Nemeth Code for science and mathematics; not yet widely adopted
Perkins Brailler
A system that makes it possible to write in braille; has six keys, one for each of the six dots of the cell, which leave an embossed print on the paper
Slate and stylus
A method of writing in braille in which the paper is held in a slate while a stylus is pressed through openings to make indentations in the paper
Braille bills
Legislation passed in several states to make braille more available to students with visual impairment; specific provisions vary from state to state, but major advocates have lobbied for making braille available if parents want it, and ensuring that teachers of students with visual impairment are proficient in braille
Large-print books
Books having a font size that is larger than the usual 10 point type; a popular size for large-print books is 18-point type
Magnifying devices
Often recommended for people with low vision; can be for close vision or distance vision
Long cane
A mobility aid used by individuals with visual impairment, who sweep it in a wide arc in front of them; proper use requires considerable training; the mobility aid of choice for most travelers who are blind
Guide dogs
Dogs trained for the purpose of helping people who are blind navigate the environment; generally not recommended for children; they require extensive training for the user
Tactile map
An embossed representation of the environment that people who are blind can use to orient themselves to their surroundings
Kurzweil 1000TM
A computerized device that converts print into speech for persons with visual impairment; the user places the printed material over a scanner that then reads the material aloud by means of an electronic voice
Braille notetakers
Portable devices that can be used to take notes in braille, which are then converted to speech, braille, or text
Newsline
A service allowing via touch-tone phone to several national newspapers; available free of charge to those who are visually impaired
Descriptive Video Service
A service for use by people with visual impairment that provides audio narrative by key visual elements; available for severe public television programs and some videos of movies
Screen reader
Software for computers that magnifies images on the screen, converts text on the screen to speech or both
Itinerant teacher services
Services for students who are visually impaired in which the special education teacher visits several different schools to work with students and their general education teachers; the students attend their local schools and remain in general education classrooms
Curriculum-based management (CBM)
A formative evaluation method designed to evaluate performance in the curriculum to which students are exposed; usually involves giving students a small sample of items from the curriculum in use in their schools; proponents argue that CBM is preferable to comparing students with national norms or using tests that do no reflect the curriculum content learned by the students
GeoLogger
A multipurpose device for collecting detailed travel data including second-by-second position and speed data. This device works with a GPS system; it has been used for assessment purposes to evaluate the orientation and mobility skills of persons with blindness or low-vision
Accessible pedestrian signals (APSs)
Devices for people who are blind to let them know when the walk signal is on at intersections; can be auditory, tactile, or both
Raised dome detectable warnings
Bumps in the pavement that are designed to alert people who are blind to unsafe areas