Special Senses

Front 1

The ear is divided into 3 anatomical regions:

Back 1

1. External Ear

2. Middle Ear

3. Inner Ear

Front 2

What does the external ear do?

Back 2

collects and directs sound waves to the eardrum.

Front 3

The structures of the external ear include:

Back 3

1. Auricle (pinna)

2. External acoustic meatus (canal)

3. Ceruminous glands

4. Tympanic membrane (tympanum)

Front 4

wheres are the ceruminous glands found?

Back 4

in the skin lining the external acoustic meatus

Front 5

What does the External acoustic meatus (canal) do?

Back 5

permits sound waves to strike the tympanic membrane

Front 6

What separates the external and middle war?

Back 6

Tympanic membrane

Front 7

The middle ear consists of an air-filled space called the _______________.

Back 7

tympanic cavity.

Front 8

What connects the tympanic cavity with the nasopharynx ?

Back 8

auditory tube (Eustachian tube)

Front 9

How can meningitis spread involving the ear?

Back 9

The tympanic cavity also communicates with the mastoid sinuses in the mastoid process. It is through this connection that infections can spread from the middle ear to the meninges of the brain.

Front 10

What do the auditory-ossicles do?

Back 10

transfer the vibrations of the tympanic membrane to the fluid-filled chambers of the inner ear.

Front 11

The ear ossicles act as ________ that amplify the force of vibration delivered to the inner ear.

Back 11

levers

Front 12

The ear ossicles are called:

Back 12

1. Mallues (hammer)

2. Incus (Anvil)

3. Stapes (Stirrup)

Front 13

What 2 muscles dampen the vibrations produced by loud sounds?

Back 13

1. Tensor Tympani Muscle

2. Stapedius Muscle

Front 14

this muscles attaches to the malleus and by contacting stiffens the tympanic membrane reducing vibration

Back 14

Tensor Tympani M.

Front 15

this muscle attaches to the stapes and by contracting reduced the vibrations of the stapes

Back 15

Stapedius M.

Front 16

The receptors for equilibrium and learning are located within fluid-filled chambers and tubes that form the __________ __________.

Back 16

membranous labyrinth

Front 17

The fluid of the membranous labyrinth is called _____________.

Back 17

Endolymph

Front 18

What is the chemical ratio of potassium to sodium in endolymph?

Back 18

HIGH potassium

LOW sodium concentration

Front 19

What protects the membranous labyrinth?

Back 19

bony labyrinth

Front 20

What fills the space between the membranous and bony labyrinth?

Back 20

perilymph

Front 21

What are the 3 regions the bony labyrinth can be divided into?

Back 21

1. vestibule

2. semicircular canals

3. cochlea

Front 22

At what 2 locations is the bony labyrinth not solid?

Back 22

1. Round window

2. oval window

Front 23

this window is spanned by a thin, flexible membrane

Back 23

Round Window

Front 24

this window is sealed by the foot plate of the stapes which is held in position by an __________ ____________ that attached the outer edge of the footplate to the edge of the oval window.

Back 24

annular ligament

Front 25

The vestibular complex is the part of the inner ear that preserves physical equilibrium by detecting ________, __________ and __________.

Back 25

rotation, gravity, acceleration

Front 26

These are designed to detect rotation:

Back 26

Anterior, posterior and lateral semicircular canals

Front 27

Each semicircular canal contains a:

Back 27

semicircular duct

Front 28

an expanded portion of the semicircular duct is called the ampulla which contains:

Back 28

hair cells

Front 29

The hair cells are associated with :

Back 29

supporting cells in a raised portion of the lining of the ampulla called a crista.

Front 30

the apical surface has stereocilia and one cilium called a _________________.

Back 30

kinocilium

Front 31

The kinocilium and stereocilia are embedded in a gelatinous substance called the:

Back 31

cupula

Front 32

Rotational movements in different planes are detected by the mechanical distortion of the :

Back 32

stereocilia

Front 33

the utricle and saccule are interconnected by a narrow __________________ that ends in a blind pouch.

Back 33

endolymphatic duct

Front 34

The utricle and saccule are interconnected by a narrow endolymphatic duct that ends in a blind pouch called the

Back 34

endolymphatic sac

Front 35

In each sac the hair cells are concentrated on an oval spot in the wall called a:

Back 35

macula

Front 36

The gelatinous was with its crystals is called an:

Back 36

otolith

Front 37

the crystals are called :

Back 37

statoconia

Front 38

The cochlea turns around a central hub called the:

Back 38

modiolus (collecting sound info)

Front 39

the cochlear nerve have their cell bodies in the modiolus in a ganglion called the :

Back 39

spiral ganglion

Front 40

The vestibular and tympanic ducts are confluent at the tip of the cochlea at a place called the:

Back 40

helicotrema (top opening to allow the fluid to enter both sides)

Front 41

The hair cells that are responsible for hearing are within the organ of:

Back 41

Coriti, or spiral organ

Front 42

The organ of Corti rests on a :

Back 42

basilar membrane

Front 43

Palpebrae =

Back 43

eyelids

Front 44

The free margins of the eyelids form the :

Back 44

palpebral fissure

Front 45

The edges where the upper and lower eyelids meet are called the __________ and ____________ canthus.

Back 45

lateral, medial

Front 46

These are sebaceous glands associated with the eyelashes

Back 46

Glands of Zeis

Front 47

these glands line the inner margin of the lid and produce a lipid-rich product that prevents the lids from sticking together

Back 47

Tarsal glands

Front 48

this is around of tissue i the medial canthus that produces thick secretions

Back 48

Lacrimal caruncle

Front 49

The eyelids are supported internally by sheets of connective tissue that form the :

Back 49

tarsal plate

Front 50

The ____________ is the epithelium that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and continues onto the outer surface of the eye.

Back 50

conjunctiva

Front 51

this lines the inner surface of the eyelid

Back 51

palpebral conjunctiva

Front 52

this lines the anterior surface of the eye

Back 52

bulbar conjunctiva

Front 53

What type of epithelium does the conjunctiva consist of?

Back 53

specialized stratified squamous epithelium

Front 54

What enzyme does the Lacrimal Gland contain?

Back 54

lysozyme

Front 55

Tears drain into canals called the superior and inferior lacrimal canaliculi through pores called the __________________.

Back 55

superior and inferior lacrimal puncta.

Front 56

Where do the tears drain into?

Back 56

Lacrimal Sac

Front 57

This duct opens near the inferior meatus:

Back 57

Nasolacrimal Duct

Front 58

This cavity of the eye takes up most of the internal space and extends anteriorly to the lens. It contains a gelatinous vitreous body and is also called the vitreous (glass) chamber.

Back 58

Posterior cavity

Front 59

This cavity of the eye is in front of the lens and is filled with a clear liquid called the aqueous humor. Has anterior and posterior chambers by the iris.

Back 59

Anterior cavity

Front 60

The wall of the eye has 3 layers:

Back 60

1. Fibrous Tunic

2. Vascular Tunic

3. Neural Tunic

Front 61

The outermost layer of the eyes is the :

Back 61

fibrous tunic- most of it is sclera

Front 62

The fibrous CT of the sclera also serves as attachment sites for the :

Back 62

extraocular muscles

Front 63

The anterior portion of the fibrous tunic is transparent because of the precise aliment of collagen fibers and the absence of BV's. This portion is called the :

Back 63

cornea

Front 64

This portion of the eye is primarily responsible for focusing light rays onto the retina.

Back 64

the cornea

Front 65

What are the 3 parts of the vascular tunic?

Back 65

1. Iris

2. Ciliary body

4. Choroid

Front 66

this portion of the vascular tunic contains BV's, pigment cells and SM which control the opening called the pupil.

Back 66

iris

Front 67

The epithelium that covers the ciliary body is thrown into folds called :

Back 67

ciliary proceses.

Front 68

_________________ are attached to the anterior rim of the ciliary body and holds the lens in position.

Back 68

Suspensory ligaments

Front 69

The remaining vascular tunic contains extensive capillaries and is called the ___________. This supplies O2 and nutrients to the outer portion of the retina.

Back 69

choroid (like a placenta)

Front 70

The neural tunic is the:

Back 70

retina

Front 71

What 2 layers does the retina consist of:

Back 71

1. Pigmented Layer

2. Neural Layer

Front 72

this layer is a single-cell layer of pigmented cells that absorb light after it passes through the retina.

Back 72

Pigmented layer

Front 73

The pigmented layer also provides __________ support for the photoreceptors of the retina.

Back 73

vital metabolic

Front 74

The neural layer extends anteriorly to the boundary called the ____________

Back 74

ora serrata

Front 75

these photoreceptors are more sensitive to light but there is only one type and color discrimination is not possible with these

Back 75

rods

Front 76

these photoreceptors are less sensitive to light but there are 3 types with sensitivities in different regions of the light spectrum. They provide color discrimination and GREATER detail.

Back 76

Cones

Front 77

This appears as a yellow spot on the retina where it only contains cones.

Back 77

macula lutea

Front 78

The depression in the center of the macula lutea is called the:

Back 78

fovea which provides the greatest visual acuity.

Front 79

the photoreceptors synapse with ____________.

Back 79

bipolar cells

Front 80

The transmission of visual info through the bipolar cells is modulated by _____________ found in the Neural layer.

Back 80

horizontal cells

Front 81

The transmission at the layer of the ganglion cells is modulated by ____________.

Back 81

amacrine cells

Front 82

What emerges onto the surface of the retina at the optic disc?

Back 82

central retinal artery and vein

Front 83

The anterior and posterior chambers of the anterior cavity of the eye are filled with ______________.

Back 83

aqueous humor.

Front 84

Where is the aqueous humor continually produced?

Back 84

ciliary processes of the ciliary body

Front 85

where does the aqueous humor drain init ?

Back 85

canal of Schlemm at the limbus of the cornea

Front 86

The posterior cavity of the eye is behind the lens and is filled with a gelatinous body called the :

Back 86

vitreous body (glassy body)

Front 87

The vitreous body maintains the :

Back 87

shape of the eye, supports the lens, and presses the neural layer against the pigmented layer.

Front 88

The visual info received and initially processed in the retina travels to the ______________ of the thalamus .

Back 88

lateral geniculate nucleus