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159 Cards in this Set
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an infectious disease caused by HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) that destroys the immune system,leaving the person open to serious, life-threatening diseases.
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AIDS acquired immune deficiency syndrome
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the ability of an individual to meet the standards of personal independence as well as social responsibility appropriate for his or her chronological age and cultural group
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adaptive behavior
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a diagnostic meidcal procedure performed to detect chromosomal and genetic abnormalities in a fetus
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amniocentesis
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cranial malformation; large part of the brain fails to develop
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anencephaly
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loss of or inadequate supply of oxygen associated with birth process and frequently resulting in brain damage
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anoxia
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the process of gathering information and identifying a student's strengths and needs through a variety of instruments and products; data used in making decisions
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assessment
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any item,piece of equipment, or product system that increases, maintains, or improves functional capabilities of individuals with disabilities.
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assistive technology
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an infant or child who has a high probability of exhibiting delays in development or developing a disability
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at-risk
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a disorder characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and/or impulsivity. Frequently observed in individuals with learning disabilities
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ADHD attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
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an evaluation of a student's ability by means of various work products, typically classroom assignments and other activities
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authentic assessment
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a curriculum approach based on learning principles derived from behavioral psychology
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behavioral curriculum model
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a characteristic common in persons with ADHD; impacts executive functions. Typically affects the ability to (1) withhold a planned response; (2) interrupt an ongoing response; and (3) protect an ongoing response from distractions
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behavioral inhibition
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an educational approach whereby students whose first language is not English are instructed primarily through their native language while developing competency and proficiency in English
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bilingual education
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strategy whereby a pupil's home language and culture are used along with English in an individually designed program of special instruction
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bilingual special education
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difficulties associated with the delivery of the fetus
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birth trauma
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actual or assumed trauma to the brain
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brain injury
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fetus exits the birth canal buttocks first rather than typical head first presentation
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breech presentation
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label assigned to individuals who share common characteristics and features
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category
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a function of each state, mandated by federal law, to locate and refer individuals who might require special education
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Child Find
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a diagnostic medical procedure used to detect a variety of chromosomal abnormalities, usually conducted in first trimester of pregnancy
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chorionic villus sampling
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a strategy for teaching functional skills in the environment in which they would naturally occur rather than in simulated settings
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community-based instruction
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the simultaneous existence of two or more conditions within the same person
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comorbidity
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a focused, problem-solving process in which one individual offers support and expertise to another person
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consultation
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instructional process whereby heterogeneous groups of students work together on an assignement
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cooperative learning
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an instructional approach in which a special education teacher and a general educator teach together in a general education classroom to a heterogeneous group of students
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cooperative teaching
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an assessment procedure in which a student's performance is compared to a particular level of mastery
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criterion-referenced
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the practice of appreciating and respecting ethnic and cultural differences
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cultural pluralism
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the attitudes, values, belief systems, norms, and traditions shared by a particular group of people that collectively form their heritage
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culture
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evaluation technique for monitoring student progress in core academic areas such as reading, writing, and arithmetic
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curriculum-based measurement
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known as CMV, a common virus that is part of the herpes group; if initial exposure occurs during pregnancy, severe damage to the fetus often results
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cytomeagalovirus
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a movement whereby persons with mental retardation are relocated from large institutions into smaller, community-based group living settings
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deinstitutionalization
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a term defined by individual states referring to children ages 3 to 9 who perform significantly below developmental norms
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developmental delay
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a curriculum approach based on the work of Piaget; cognitive development seen as resulting from maturation coupled with active interaction and involvement with children's environment
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developmental/cognitive model
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a teacher-directed instructional technique used to produce gains in specific academic skills; emphasizes drill and practice along with immediate feedback and reward
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direct instruction
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an inability or incapacity to perform a task or activity in a normative fashion
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disability
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in regard to learning disabilities, the difference between the student's actual academic performance and his or her estimated ability
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discrepancy
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the absence of symptoms of ADHD when the individual is evaluate in a structured environment such as a physician's office
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doctor's office effect
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a chromosomal abnormality frequently resulting n mental retardation with accompanying distinctive physical features
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Down Syndrome
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a severe reading disability; difficulty in understanding the relationship between sounds and letters
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dyslexia
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provision of customized services uniquely crafted to meet the individual needs of youngsters with disabilities ages 3 to 5
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early childhood special education
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the delivery of a coordinated and comprehensive package of specialized services to infants and toddlers with developmental delays or at-risk conditions and their families
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early intervention
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a context wherein a person is viewed as part of a larger social scheme; the interrelationships and interactions of an individual swith in various settings
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ecology
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classification of a person with mild mental retardation who typically develops functional academic skills at a third-or fourth-grade level; IQ range generally between 50/55 and 70/75
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educable mentally retarded
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inflammation of the brain; may cause damage to the central nervous system
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encephalitis
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youngsters who are biologically typical yet encounter life experiences or environmental circumstances that are so limiting that there is the possibility of delayed development
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environmentally at-risk
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youngsters with a diagnosed medical disorder of known etiology and predictable prognosis or outcome
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established risk
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children who deviate from the norm to such an extent that special educational services are required
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exceptional children
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in regard to learning disabilities, the elimination of possible etiological factors to explain a pupil's difficulty in learning
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exclusionary clause
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Internal regulation of one's behavior through control of emotions, inner speech, working memory, arousal level, and motivation. Considered impaired in individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
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executive functions
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social structures that have an influence on the development of an individual
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exosystems
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the belief that the consequences or outcomes of a person's actions are the result of circumstances and situations beyond one's control rather than a result of one's own efforts
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external locus of control
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a method of assessing the degree to which a particular characteristic is inherited; the tendency for certain conditions to occur in a single family
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familiality studies
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a philosophy of working with families that stresses family strengths and capabilities, the enhancement of skills, and the development of mutual partnerships between service providers and families
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family-centered early intervention (approach)
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a less severe and more subtle form of fetal alcohol syndrome; caused by drinking alcohol while pregnant
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fetal alcohol effect
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students who approach learning intuitively rather than analytically and logically. These students tend to find success in cooperative learning situations and group work
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field dependent/sensitive
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results from mother's consumption of alcohol while pregnant; mild to moderate mental retardation is common, along with physical deformities. A leading cause of mental retardation, although completely preventable
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fetal alcohol syndrom
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learners who are detailed oriented and analytically inclined. These students tend to thrive in competitive settings
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field independent
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assistance provided by government social programs, habilitation services, or advocacy groups
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formal supports
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a chromosomal abnormality leading to mental retardation along with physical anomalies; believed to be the most common form of inherited mental retardation
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Fragile X syndrome
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an interpretation of the principle of least restrictive environment advocating that all pupils with disabilities are to be educated in the general education classroom
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full inclusion
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the application of life skills as a means of teaching academic tasks; core of many instructional programs for students with mild or moderate mental retardation
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functional academics
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a behavioral strategy that seeks to determine the purpose or function that a particular behavior serves what is occasioning and maintaining the behavior
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functional behavioral assessment
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a curriculum that emphasizes practical life skills rather than academic skills
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functional curriculum
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an inborn error of metabolism that makes infants unable to process galactose, resulting in a variety of physical problems in addition to mental retardation; dietary intervention reduces potential for problems
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galactosemia
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the ability to transfer previously learned knowledge or skills acquired in one setting to another set of circumstances or situation
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generalizing
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the unequal and differential treatment accorded individuals with a disability
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handicapism
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difficulties imposed by teh environment on a person with a disability
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handicapped
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a method for assessing the degree to which a specific condition is inherited; a comparison of the prevalence of a characteristic in fraternal versus identical twins
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heritability studies
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a condition in which the head is unusually large due to accumulation of excessive cerebrospinal fluid; brain damage often minimized by surgically implanting a shunt to remove excess fluid
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hydrocephalus
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an historical term commonly used to describe youngsters who exhibit impulsivity, inattention, and/or hyperactivity
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hyperactive child syndrome
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insufficient amount of oxygen to brain; can result in brain damage
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hypoxia
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a rate of inception; number of new cases appearing in the population within a specific time period
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incidence
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an individualized plan with identified goals and objectives used to prepare the student in making the transition from high school to work (or college)
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ITP individual transition plan
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a written detailed plan developed by a team for each pupil ages 3-21 who receives a special education; a management tool
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IEP individualized education program
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a written plan developed by a team that coordinates services for infants and toddlers and their families
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IFSP individualized family service plan
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programs for infants with disabilities or those experiencing delays; emphasis usually on achieving developmental or cognitive milestones
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infant stimulation
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any apparatus or device that supports the teaching-learning process, such as computers or televisions; a tool for the delivery of instruction
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instructional technology
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a group of professionals from different disciplines who function as a team but work independently; recommendations, however, are the result of sharing information and joint planning
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interdisciplinary
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differences between two or more persons in a particular area
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interindividual differences
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differences within the individual; unique patterns of strengths and weaknesses
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intraindividual differences
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an individual who supervises a person with a disability for all or part of the day to provide training, assistance, or support to maintain a job
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job coach
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an environmental toxin used at one time in the manufacture of gasoline and paint; ingestation of lead can cause seizures, brain damage, and impaired central nervous system functioning
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lead poisoning
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a lack of persistence at tasks that can be mastered; a tendency to except failure
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learned helplessness
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a disability in which there is a discrepancy between a person's ability and academic achievement; individual possesses average intelligence
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learning disabilities
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instructional methodologies focusing on teaching students how to learn; designed to assist pupils in becoming more actively engaged and involved in their own learning
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learning strategies
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a relative concept individually determined for each student; principle that each pupil should be educated, to the maximum appropriate, with classmates who are typical
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lease restrictive environment
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a classification scheme for individuals with mental retardation that is based on the type and extent of assistance required to function in various areas
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level of support
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a person with a reduced or diminished fluency in reading, writing, or speaking English
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limited English proficient (LEP)
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the shared or national culture of a society
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macroculture
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ideological, cultural, and institutional contexts in which the microsystems, mesosystems-, and exosystems are embedded
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macrosystems
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an early term for the practice of integrating students with special needs into a general education classroom for all or part of the school day
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mainstreaming
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a metaphor describing the United States in the early decades of the twentieth century
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melting pot
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a neural or bacterial infection of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord; associated with hearing loss and mental retardation
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meningitis
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relationship between various microsystems
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mesosystems
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a condition in which the head is unusually small, leading to inadequate development of the brain and resulting in mental retardation
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microcephaly
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distinct subcultures within a larger culture; these groups maintain their own distinct values, norms, folkways, and identification
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microcultures
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the immediate environment in which an individual develops
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microsystems
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a once popular term referring to individuals who exhibit behavioral signs of brain injury (such as distractibility or impulsivity) bit with no neurological evidence
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minimal brain injury
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a cognitive approach used to assist pupils in remembering material; the use of rhymes, pictures, acronyms, and similar aids to help in recall
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mnemonic strategies
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an ambiguous concept that deals with issues of race, language, social class, and culture as well as disability and gender. Also viewed as an educational strategy wherein the cultural heritage of each pupil is valued
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multicultural education
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referring to more than one culture; acknowledges basic commonalities among groups of people while appreciating their differences
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multiculturalism
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a group of professionals from different disciplines who function as a team but perform their roles independent of one another
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multidisciplinary
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the use of concurrent treatment approaches with students who exhibit attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
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multimodal interventions
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an alternative perspective on intelligence suggesting that there are many different kinds of intelligence
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multiple intellegences
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assistance rendered by family members, friends, teachers, and coworkers
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natural supports
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programs developed based on student needs and common instructional requirements rather than on disability
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noncategorical
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federal mandate that assessments be conducted in a culturally responsible fashion
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nondiscriminatory testing
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a principle advocating that individuals with disabilities should be integrated, to the maximum extent possible, into all aspects of everyday living
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normalization
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refers to standardized tests on which a pupil's performance is compared to that of his or her peers
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norm-referenced
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a condition characterized by a loss of confidence in one's own capabilities and a reliance on others for cues and guidance
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outer directedness
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a situation in which a greater number of students from minority groups are placed in special education programs than would be expected based on the proportion of pupils in the general school population
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overrepresentation
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events occurring at or immediately after birth
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perinatal
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an inherited metabolic disorder resulting from the inability of the body to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine; can be detected at birth and controlled by diet; left untreated, consequences are often severe
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phenylketonuria
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possible explanation for the reading problems of some students with learning disabilities; difficulty in recognizing the correspondence between specific sounds and certain letters that make up words
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phonological awareness
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a type of authentic assessment; samples of different work products gathered over time and across curriculum areas are evaluated
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portfolio assessment
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referring to the period of time after a child has developed language
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postlingual
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events occurring after birth
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postnatal
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a sociolinguistic system involving the use of communication skills in social contexts
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pragmatics
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birth that occurs in less than two hours
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precipitous birth
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babies born prior to 37 weeks gestation age
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premature births
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events occurring before birth
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prenatal
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instructional or behavioral strategies introduced by a general educator to assist students experiencing difficulty; designed to minimize inappropriate referrals for special education
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prereferral intervention
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the total number of individuals in a given category during a particular period of time
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prevalence
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activities aimed at eliminating a problem or condition prior to its onset; may also refer to reducing the number of new instances of problematic behavior
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primary prevention
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medications typically prescribed for persons with ADHD. These drugs activate or enhance specific aspects of neurological functioning that in turn affect executive functions
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psychostimulants
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the behavioral deterioration sometimes observed in persons with ADHD as the effect of psychostimulant medication gradually wears off
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rebound effect
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a formal request by a teacher or parent that a student be evaluated for special education services
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referral
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an approach that advocates that general educators assume greater responsibility for the education of students with disabilities
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regular education initiative (REI)
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Services defined by federal law whose purpose is to assist a student with exceptionalities derive benefit from a special education
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related services
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a condition that results when a woman who is Rh negative carries an Rh positive fetus. Mother'sbody will produce antibodies that can affect babies resulting from future pregnancies; often leads to mental retardation and other impairments if mother does not receive an injection of Rho immune globulin
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Rh incompatibility
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a viral disease also known as German measles; contact in first trimester of pregnancy often results in a variety of significant impairments
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rubella
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a cognitive teaching strategy in which teacher provides temporary support to student who is learning a new task; supports are gradually removed as pupil becomes increasingly competent with the activity
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scaffolding
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Efforts focusing on minimizing or eliminating potential risk factors in regard to persons with emotional or behavioral disorders; refers to minimizing the possibility that maladaptive or inappropriate behaviors will occur
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secondary prevention
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speaking out for one's personal preferences; protecting one's own interests
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self-advocacy
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a separate classroom for children with disabilities, usually found in a public school
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self-contained
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self-advocacy efforts by an individual with a disability; expression of desire to live their lives according to their own wishes; assuming personal control over one's life
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self-determination
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a cognitive strategy for changing behavior; pupils initially talk to themselves out loud while performing a task and verbally reward themselves for success
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self-instruction
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the ability of an individual to manage or govern his or her own behavior
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self-regulation
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a structured work environment for persons with disabilities in which vocational and social skills are to often the focus of attention; may be a temporary or permanent placement
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sheltered workshop
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the recall of information after a brief period of time
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short-term memory
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Specially designated instruction to meet the unique needs of an individual recognized as exceptional
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special education
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failure of the neural tube to completely close during fetal development In its most severe form, the baby is born with a sac on his or her back containing part of the spinal cord
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spina bifida
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a descriptive statistic that expresses the variability and distribution of a set of scores relative to the mean
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standard deviation
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an historical term applied to individuals with mental retardation who exhibit high levels of distractibility and hyperactivity
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Strauss syndrome
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at a worksite for typical workers, individuals with disabilities are employed and work alongside their typical peers but receive ongoing assistance from a job coach
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supported (competitive) employment
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a veneral disease; infection of the mother in the last trimester of pregnancy can cause mental retardation in the child
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syphilis
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an instructional methodology whereby complex tasks are analyzed and broken down into sequential component parts; each part is taught separately and then as a whole
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task analysis
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efforts that attempt to limit the adverse consequences of an existing problem while maximizing a person's potential; in regard to persons with emotional or behavioral disorders, refers to an intense level of intervention using strategies and supports designed for individduals with chronic and intense behavior problems
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tertiary prevention
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Elective termination of a pregnancy due to the presence of a birth defect
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therapeutic abortion
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a maternal infection resulting from contact with parasites; especially devastating if exposure occurs during third trimester of pregnancy
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toxoplasmosis
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Classification of a person with moderate mental retardation who is capable of learning self-care and social skills; IQ range generally between 35/40-50-55
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trainable mental retardation
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A group of professionals from different disciplines who function as a team but work independently; however, they share roles and a peer is identified as the primary interventionist
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transdisciplinary
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A broad term used to describe the movement of an individual from one educational environment to another, from one class to another, or from one phase of life (high school) to another (independent adulthood)
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transition
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Individualized and coordinated services that assist the adolescent with a disability to successfully move from school to post-school activities
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transition services
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the mapping or imaging of a fetus; useful in depicting a variety of defects
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ultrasound
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a situation in which fewer children from minority groups are placed in special education programs that would be expected based on the proportion of pupils in the general school population
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underrepresentation
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instructional intervention whereby teachers link together specific academic skills surrounding a particular topic of study, such as money management
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unit method
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the design of curriculum materials, instruction activities, and evaluation procedures that can meet the needs of learners with widely varying abilities and backgrounds
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universal design for learning
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the ability to retain information while also engaging in another cognitive activity
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working memory
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