Sol Flash Cards - 1St Semester

Front 1

19th Century Europe
What was the significance of the Congress of Vienna?

Back 1

• “Balance of power” doctrine
• Restoration of monarchies
• New political map of Europe
• New political philosophies (liberalism, conservatism)

Front 2

19th Century Europe
What was the legacy of Napoleon?

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Unsuccessful attempt to unify Europe under French domination
• Napoleonic Code
• Awakened feelings of national pride and growth of nationalism

Front 3

19th Century Europe
The ____ __ ____ attempted to restore Europe as it had been before the French Revolution and Napoleonic conquests.

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Congress of Vienna

Front 4

19th Century Europe
Napoleon’s attempt to unify Europe under French domination was -

Back 4

unsuccessful

Front 5

16th-18th Century
What improved technologies and institutions were important to European economies?

Back 5

Technologies
• All-weather roads improved year- round transport and trade.
• New designs in farm tools increased productivity (agricultural revolution).
• Improvements in ship design lowered the cost of transport.

Front 6

19th Century Europe
What was the powerful legacy for world history left by the French Revolution:

Back 6

secular society, nationalism, and democratic ideas

Front 7

16th-18th Century
A new form of literature that evolved during the Enlightenment was -

Back 7

the novel (e.g. Cervantes’ Don Quixote)

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16th-18th Century
Enlightenment paintings depicted classical subjects, public events:

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natural scenes, and living people (portraits).

Front 9

16th-18th Century
Name a Novelist of the Enlightenment

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Miguel de Cervantes

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16th-18th Century
Name a philosopher of the Enlightenment

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Voltaire

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16th-18th Century
Name a painter of the Enlightenment

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Eugène Delacroix—Painter

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16th-18th Century
Name two Enlightenment composers

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Johann Sebastian Bach— Composer
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart--Composer

Front 13

16th-18th Century
Inventions and innovations in technology stimulated trade and transportation during:

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the Age of Reason

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16th-18th Century
The Enlightenment artists borrowed heavily from classical ____ and ____ .

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Greece and Rome

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16th-18th Century
The Enlightenment brought a new emphasis on ____ and ____ in the arts as artists borrowed heavily from classical Greece and Rome

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order and balance

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16th-18th Century
How did the French and American Revolutions influence Latin American independence movements?

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• Independence came to French, Spanish, and Portuguese colonies

• Toussaint L’Ouverture—Haiti
• Simon Bolivar—South America

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16th-18th Century
The French Revolution resulted in:

Back 17

• End of the absolute monarchy of Louis XVI

• Rise of Napoleon

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16th-18th Century
Name two events of the French Revolution

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• Storming of the Bastille
• Reign of Terror

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16th-18th Century
Name two causes of the French Revolution

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• Influence of Enlightenment ideas
• Influence of the American Revolution

Front 20

16th-18th Century
These ideas and examples of the American and French Revolutions influenced the people of ___ ___ to establish independent nations.

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Latin America

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16th-18th Century
The ideas of the Enlightenment and French participation in the American Revolution influenced the French people to view their government in new ways. As a result, the French:

Back 21

overthrew the absolute monarchy, and a new government was established.

Front 22

16th-18th Century
What are two American documents that incorporated Enlightenment ideas?

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Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence

The U.S. Constitution and Bill of Rights

Front 23

16th-18th Century
Political philosophies of the Enlightenment fueled revolution in:

Back 23

the Americas and France

Front 24

16th-18th Century
Name the Enlightenment thinker:
—Religious toleration should triumph over religious fanaticism; separation of church and state

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Voltaire

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16th-18th Century
Name the Enlightenment thinker and work:
—Government is a contract between rulers and the people.

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Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s The Social Contract

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16th-18th Century
Name the Enlightenment thinker and work:
—The best form of government includes a separation of powers.

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Montesquieu’s The Spirit of Laws

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16th-18th Century
Name the Enlightenment thinker and work:
—People are sovereign; monarchs are not chosen by God.

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John Locke’s Two Treatises on Government

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16th-18th Century
Name the Enlightenment thinker and work: —The state must have central authority to manage behavior …

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Thomas Hobbes’ Leviathan

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16th-18th Century
Who were some Enlightenment thinkers?

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Thomas Hobbes
John Locke
Montesquieu
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Voltaire

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16th-18th Century
The Enlightenment fueled ___ __ around the world.

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democratic revolutions

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16th-18th Century
The Enlightenment stimulated religious --

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tolerance

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16th-18th Century
The Enlightenment applied reason to the ____ world, not just the _____ world

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human natural

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16th-18th Century
Enlightenment ideas influenced the ____ and the writing of the ___.

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American Revolution
Declaration of Independence

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16th-18th Century
Enlightenment thinkers believed that human progress was possible through the application of ___ ____ and ___ to issues of law and government.

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scientific knowledge and reason

Front 35

16th-18th Century
How did the English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution promote the development of the rights of Englishmen?

Back 35

Development of the rights of Englishmen
• Oliver Cromwell and the execution of Charles I
• The restoration of Charles II
• Development of political parties/factions
• Glorious Revolution (William and Mary)
• Increase of parliamentary power over royal power
• English Bill of Rights of 1689

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16th-18th Century
Further development of the rights of Englishmen was prompted by -

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the English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution

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16th-18th Century
The foundations of English freedoms included--

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the consent of the governed

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16th-18th Century
Peter the Great was an absolute monarch in ___, and was known for:-

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Russia – westernization of Russia

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16th-18th Century
Frederick the Great was an absolute monarch in ___, and was known for:-

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Prussia, --- emphasis on military power

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16th-18th Century
Louis XIV was an absolute monarch in ___, and was known for:-

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France,-- Palace of Versailles as a symbol of royal power

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16th-18th Century
What were some of the characteristics of absolute monarchies?

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Centralization of power
Concept of divine right

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16th-18th Century
The Age of Absolutism takes its name from a series of European monarchs who -

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increased the power of their central governments.

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16th-18th Century
What monarchies did the Age of Absolutism include?

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monarchies of Louis XIV, Frederick the Great, and Peter the Great.

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16th-18th Century
When was the Age of Absolutism?

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16th, 17th, 18th centuries

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16th-18th Century
What was the importance of the scientific revolution?

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The emphasis on reason and systematic observation of nature
The formulation of the scientific method
The expansion of scientific knowledge

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16th-18th Century
William Harvey discovered -

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circulation of the blood

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16th-18th Century
Isaac Newton discovered

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the Laws of Gravity

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16th-18th Century
Galileo Galilei used the telescope to support -

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the heliocentric theory

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16th-18th Century
Johannes Kepler discovered -

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planetary motion

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16th-18th Century
Nicolaus Copernicus developed -

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the heliocentric theory

Front 51

16th-18th Century
Name some of the pioneers of the scientific revolution?

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Nicolaus Copernicus
Johannes Kepler
Galileo Galilei
Isaac Newton
William Harvey

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16th-18th Century
With its emphasis on reasoned observation and systematic measurement, the ____ ____ changed the way people viewed the world and their place in it.

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scientific revolution

Front 53

After 1500 A.D.
During the Commercial Revolution, a new economic system emerged.

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– New money and banking systems were created.
– Economic practices such as mercantilism evolved.
– Colonial economies were limited by the economic needs of the mother country.

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After 1500 A.D.
During the Commercial Revolution, European maritime nations competed for-

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overseas markets, colonies, and resources.

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After 1500 A.D.
Mercantilism was based on the theory that colonies existed for the benefit of -

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the mother country

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After 1500 A.D.
An economic practice adopted by European colonial powers in an effort to become self-sufficient;

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Mercantilism

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After 1500 A.D.
Japan adopted a policy of ____ to limit foreign influences.

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isolation

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After 1500 A.D.
How was Japan ruled after 1500AD?

Back 58

A powerless emperor – ruled by military leader (shogun)

Front 59

After 1500 A.D.
There was an increasing European demand for these Chinese goods -

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tea and porcelain

Front 60

After 1500 A.D.
How did the Chinese attempt to limit the influence of European merchants?

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• Creation of foreign enclaves to control trade
• Imperial policy of controlling foreign influences and trade

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After 1500 A.D.
Portugal, England, and the Netherlands competed for the Indian Ocean trade by establishing ___ ____on the Indian sub-continent.

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Coastal ports

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After 1500 A.D.
What were the contributions of Mughal rulers?

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• Spread of Islam into India
• Art and architecture—Taj Mahal
• Arrival of European trading outposts
• Influence of Indian textiles on British textile industry

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After 1500 A.D.
Descendants of the Mongols, the Muslim _______ rulers established an empire in northern_____.

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Mughal (Mogul)-- India

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After 1500 A.D.
The Ottoman Empire traded -

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coffee and ceramics

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After 1500 A.D.
During the Ottoman Empire, the ___ religion was a unifying force that accepted other religions.

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Islamic

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After 1500 A.D.
The capital of the Ottoman Empire at Constantinople was renamed -

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Istanbul

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After 1500 A.D.
To where did the Ottoman Empire expand?

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• Southwest Asia
• Southeastern Europe, Balkan Peninsula
• North Africa

Front 68

After 1500 A.D.
What was the original location of the Ottoman Empire?

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Asia Minor

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Around 1500 A.D.
The Ottomans brought under their rule-

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much of Muslim territory in Southwest Asia and North Africa

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After 1500 A.D.
The _______ Empire emerged as a political and economic power following the conquest of Constantinople.

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Ottoman

Front 71

After 1500 A.D.
What was the impact of precious metal exports from the Americas?

Back 71

• Gold and silver (exported to Europe and Asia)
• Impact on indigenous empires of the Americas
• Impact on Spain and international trade
need better answer

Front 72

Around 1500 A.D.
What was the triangular trade?

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The triangular trade linked Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Slaves, sugar, and rum were traded. The European nations exported precious metals from the Americas.

Front 73

Around 1500 A.D.
Impact of the Columbian Exchange
European plantation system in the Caribbean and the Americas:

Back 73

destroyed indigenous economics and damaged the environment

Front 74

Around 1500 A.D.
Impact of the Columbian Exchange
• Shortage of labor to grow cash crops led to the use of:

Back 74

African slaves

Front 75

Around 1500 A.D.
The most important result of the Columbian Exchange is that European ____ like ____ killed many American Indians.

Back 75

diseases like smallpox

Front 76

Around 1500 A.D.
As the result of the Columbian Exchange, European ____ and ___ changed the lifestyles of American Indians

Back 76

horses and cattle

Front 77

Around 1500 A.D.
As the result of the Columbian Exchange, agricultural products such as ___, ___, and ____ from the Western Hemisphere changed European lifestyles.

Back 77

corn, potatoes, and tobacco

Front 78

Around 1500 A.D.
What does Columbian Exchange mean?

Back 78

describes the worldwide redistribution of plants, animals, and diseases that resulted from the initial contacts between Europeans and American Indians.

Front 79

Around 1500 A.D.
European expansion in Asia led to :

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• Colonization by small groups of merchants (India, the Indies, China)
• Influence of trading companies (Portuguese, Dutch, British)

Front 80

Around 1500 A.D.
European expansion in Africa led to trade in:

Back 80

slaves, gold and other products

Front 81

Around 1500 A.D.
The effect of European expansion in Africa was European ___ ___ along the coast.

Back 81

trading posts

Front 82

Around 1500 A.D.
In the Americas, the colonies imitated the culture and social patterns of their :

Back 82

parent country

Front 83

Around 1500 A.D.
A legacy of Spanish expansion in Latin America is a ____ ___ system and ___ rule.

Back 83

rigid class system
dictatorial rule

Front 84

Around 1500 A.D.
One effect of the Spanish overseas expansion was the demise of these three Indian empires.

Back 84

Aztec, Maya, and Inca Empires

Front 85

Around 1500 A.D.
One motive for exploration was to spread the ______ religion.

Back 85

Christian

Front 86

Around 1500 A.D.
Who were some important explorers you are expected to know about for this test?

I plan to make a card for each of the explorers but haven't done it yet.

Back 86

• Portugal—Vasco da Gama
• Spain—Christopher Columbus, Hernando Cortez, Francisco Pizarro, Ferdinand Magellan
• England—Francis Drake
• France—Jacques Cartier

Front 87

Around 1500 A.D.
What were the factors contributing to the European discovery of lands in the Western Hemisphere?

Back 87

• Demand for gold, spices, and natural resources in Europe
• Support for the diffusion of Christianity
• Political and economic competition between European empires
• Innovations in navigational arts (European and Islamic origins)
• Pioneering role of Prince Henry the Navigator

Front 88

Around 1500 A.D.
With the loss of _______ in 1453, European nations fronting the Atlantic sought new _______ routes for trade.

Back 88

Constantinople
maritime (sea)

Front 89

Around 1500 A.D.
In 1500, the expanding economies of European states stimulated increased trade with markets in:

Back 89

Asia

Front 90

Around 1500 A.D.
What was the role of the printing press during the Reformation in the spread of new ideas?

Back 90

Promoted literacy
\
Helped spread the ideas of the Reformation - the doctrines of Luther, Calvin, and others, more quickly.

Front 91

Around 1500 A.D.
The Reformation led to growth of:
s_____________
i_____________
r__________ t_________

Back 91

secularism, individualism, and religious tolerance

Front 92

Around 1500 A.D.
What was the impact of the Reformation on Western civilization?

Back 92

At first the Reformation divided the countries of Europe on religious principles, leading to religious intolerance. But, gradually religious toleration emerged, along with democratic thought.

Front 93

Around 1500 A.D.
Describe the Catholic Counter Reformation

Back 93

• Catholic Church mounted a series of reforms and reasserted its authority.

• Society of Jesus (The Jesuits) was founded to spread Catholic doctrine around the world.

• Inquisition was established to reinforce Catholic doctrine.

Front 94

Around 1500 A.D.
The printing press revolutionized the publishing industry by mass producing books. This caused ___ to spread.

Back 94

literacy

Front 95

Around 1500 A.D.
Gutenberg's invention of the ___ ___ in 1450 was one of the most important events of the period.

Back 95

printing press

Front 96

Around 1500 A.D.
Describe the Reformation in France.

Back 96

• Catholic monarchy granted Protestant Huguenots freedom of worship by the Edict of Nantes (later revoked).

• Cardinal Richelieu changed the focus of the Thirty Years’ War from a religious to a political conflict.

Front 97

Around 1500 A.D.
Describe the Reformation in England.

Back 97

• Anglican Church became a national church throughout the British Isles under Elizabeth I.

• The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism.

Front 98

Around 1500 A.D.
Describe the Reformation in Germany.

Back 98

• Princes in Northern Germany converted to Protestantism, ending authority of the Pope in their states.
• The Hapsburg family and the authority of the Holy Roman Empire continued to support the Roman Catholic Church.
• Conflict between Protestants and Catholics resulted in devastating wars (e.g., Thirty Years’ War).

Front 99

Around 1500 A.D.
What were the beliefs of Henry VIII?

Back 99

King Henry VIII (the Anglican tradition)
• Views—Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome

• Actions—Divorced; broke with Rome; headed the national church in England; appropriated lands and wealth of the Roman Catholic Church in England

Front 100

Around 1500 A.D.
What were the beliefs of John Calvin?

Back 100

Believed in predestination - the belief that God had determined in advance who would be "saved" and who would be "damned". Faith revealed by living a righteous life, work ethic

Calvinism spread through northern Europe

Front 101

Around 1500 A.D.
What were the Ninety-Five Theses?

Back 101

In 1517, Luther nailed his 95 Theses to a church door. They criticized the sale of indulgences and other church abuses.

Front 102

Around 1500 A.D.
What were the beliefs of Martin Luther?

Back 102

Martin Luther (the Lutheran tradition)
Opposed sale if indulgences - believed salvation would come by faith alone, Bible as the ultimate authority, all humans equal before God

Front 103

Around 1500 A.D.
The Reformation began as a rebellion against certain practices of the Catholic Church, including the selling of indulgences. What are "indulgences"?

Back 103

The Catholic church revenue by selling indulgences - a substitution for punishment for sin. People could essentially "buy their way into heaven", or so they thought

Front 104

Around 1500 A.D.
What were the problems and issues that provoked religious reforms in Western Christianity?
Conflicts that challenged the authority of the Church in Rome

Back 104

• Merchant wealth challenged the Church’s view of usury.
• German and English nobility disliked Italian domination of the Church.
• The Church’s great political power and wealth caused conflict.
• Church corruption and the sale of indulgences were widespread and caused conflict.

Front 105

Around 1500 A.D.
For centuries, the Roman Catholic Church had little competition in religious thought and action. The resistance of the church to change led to:

Back 105

the Protestant Reformation

Front 106

Around 1500 A.D.
In what areas were scientific advancements made and exchanged along trade routes?

Back 106

Scientific transfer—Medicine, astronomy, mathematics

Front 107

Around 1500 A.D.
What were some of the technological and scientific advancements made in India and the Middle East and exchanged along trade routes?

Back 107

Textiles, numeral system (India and Middle East)

Front 108

Around 1500 A.D.
What were some of the technological and scientific advancements made in China and exchanged along trade routes?

Back 108

Paper, compass, silk, porcelain

Front 109

Around 1500 A.D.
There were five major world religions. Where was Buddhism located?

Back 109

East and Southeast Asia

Front 110

Around 1500 A.D.
There were five major world religions. Where was Hinduism located?

Back 110

India and part of Southeast Asia

Front 111

Around 1500 A.D.
There were five major world religions. Where was Islam located?

Back 111

Parts of Asia, Africa, and southern Europe

Front 112

Around 1500 A.D.
There were five major world religions. Where was Christianity located?

Back 112

Concentrated in Europe and the Middle East

Front 113

Around 1500 A.D.
There were five major world religions. Where was Judaism located?

Back 113

Concentrated in Europe and the Middle East

Front 114

Around 1500 A.D.
What were the world’s five major religions?

Back 114

Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism

Front 115

Around 1500 A.D.
What is "humanism"?

Back 115

The chief intellectual movement of the Renaissance. Emphasized secular (not religious) concerns and education.

Front 116

Around 1500 A.D.
Renaissance humanist:

Back 116

Erasmus

Front 117

Around 1500 A.D.
Renaissance playwright:

Back 117

Shakespeare

Front 118

Around 1500 A.D.
Two Renaissance artists:

Back 118

Leonardo da Vinci

Michelangelo

Front 119

Around 1500 A.D.
Where was the Renaissance?

Back 119

It spread from the Italian city states in southern Europe to northern Europe

Front 120

Around 1500 A.D.
Renaissance artists and sculptors depicted the human form more ____ and subjects were shown in realistic settings like ____ .

Back 120

realistically
landscapes

Front 121

Around 1500 A.D.
The Renaissance marked the beginnings of modern science and an increasingly ____ (worldly as opposed to religious) society.

Back 121

secular

Front 122

Around 1500 A.D.
The Renaissance was characterized by a revival of ___ influence in the arts, architecture and literature.

Back 122

classical (ancient Greek and Roman)

Front 123

Around 1500 A.D.
The Renaissance lasted from 1350 to 1600. When was the height of the Renaissance?

Back 123

The 1500s

Front 124

Around 1500 A.D.
What does Renaissance mean?

Back 124

"Rebirth" -- of classical knowledge, "birth" of the modern world.

Front 125

Around 1500 A.D.
New intellectual and artistic ideas that developed during the Renaissance marked the beginning of:

Back 125

the modern world