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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Aluminosilicates |
2:1 clay. Examples hydrous mica and smectite. Two silica layers (silica + oxygen) On alumina layer (aluminum +oxygen) |
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Smectite |
2:1 clay Has negative charge on surface Called expanding lattice clays because they absorb get between (not within) the lattice |
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Hydrous Mica |
2:1 clay Called expanding lattice clay because they absorb water between (not within) the lattice |
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Kaolinite |
1:1 type clay Least silica of silicate clays Found in warmer regions Fixed spacing between layers H (alumina layer) to O (silica layer) Bond rendered less sticky and great. Bearing strength Low capacity for nutrients and water absorption |
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Bauxite |
Found where aluminum oxide is concentrated enough Mined and yields pure aluminum metal |
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Soil capacity |
Capacity of soil to support the loads applied to the ground |
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Buffering capacity |
The measure of efficiency of a buffer in resisting change in pH |
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Montmorillonite |
A highly expandable 2 to one soil having low bearing strength. they are often very sticky when wet and 1 dry conform cracks up to 2". this makes it hard for farmers to plow when conditions are too wet and makes for Poor soil construction due to its low bearing strength |
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Hydrous mica |
2 to one lattice structure that is held together by mutual bonds with potassium. Minimal shrinking and Expanding. Also less sticky and better bearing strange, but low capacity for plant nutrients. Kaolinite is a 1:1 With a high bearing strength and fix spacing between lattice. It absorbs less water than Hydrous mica but also has low plant nutrients |
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Koalinite |
1 to 1 play with a fixed spacing between lattice. It has hydrogen bonds common making it less sticky than to to one's. It also has a lower nutrient and water capacity than to 2:1 clay. High bearing strength |
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Soil Reaction (pH) |
Most commonly measured soil chemical property. Most crops to better and slightly acidic to moderately alkaline soils. 5.5 to 8.3 pH is the most productive range ideal range is 6.5 to 7.8 So ph from neutral leads to lack of one or more nutrients, presence of plant nutrients in forms unavailable to plant, diminished activity of beneficial soil microbes, abundance of ion toxic to plants |
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Soil aggregates |
Comes with soil particles that are held together by moist clay karma organic matter like roots karma comes from bacteria and fungi, and by fungal hyphae |
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Infiltration |
Water movement in soil is called infiltration |
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Runoff |
Read of water movement in soil is important to determine the run off starts. Rate of infiltrations varies with texture and physical soil condition. Runoff may cause erosion |
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Percolation |
The downward movement of water in soils |
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Adhesion |
Attraction of soil to water |
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Cohesion |
Attraction of water to water |
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Capillary movement |
The availability of a liquid to flow in now spaces without the assistance of or even in opposition to external forces like gravity |
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Xerophytes |
Low water requirement planta |
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Hydrophytes |
High water requirement plants |
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Mesophytes |
Moderate water requirements |
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Field capacity |
An ounce of water and soil held against the forces of gravity. As gravity moves downward com of the film of moisture around soil particles stickins, and then water in soils is most readily available to the plant. Eventually, attractions between soil in water greater than the plant's capacity for absorption |
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Wilting point |
Water held so tightly is inaccessible to plant |
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Five conservation techniques for water |
Improve timing of water application-based on soil moisture level Plastic lining supply ditches Crop selection/plant density Attention to plant nutrition Improved application technique Mulch |
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Conduction |
When kinetic energy is transferred from Particles in one molecule to the adjacent cooler molecule |
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Convection |
Movement of heated fluid involved in heat transfer |
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Radiation |
Energy radiated in the form of invisible electromagnetic waves |
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Net radiation |
The difference between incoming and on going shortwave and longwave radiation |
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Soil heat storage |
In the daytime soil warmed by a solar radiation, at night soils radiated energy back-to cold atmosphere |
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Latent heat |
The solar energy used to evaporate water |
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Sensible heat |
Warma the air layer just above the soil surface |
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Leaching |
Plant nutrients move downward and potentially out of the root zone |
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Eluviation |
Smaller clay particles from topsoil to subsoil; accumulation is called illuviation. Process more likely at high temps |
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Factors affecting soil temperature |
Amount of solar energy that reaches Earth. Various soil properties Dry, fine textured soils have low thermal conductivity is. Wet, coarse textured soils have high thermal conductivity. Amount of heat depends on the angle of the Sun's rays in the color and kind of vegetation |
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Identify methods for managing soil tempurature |
Mulch. Black plastic |
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Effects of freezing and thawing |
Cracks in rocks and minerals, freezing causes them to break. Repeated results in formation of soil particles. Can cause perennial crops to heave, disrupting roots |
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Forms in which plant nutrients existence in soil |
Mineral Cation or anion Chemical compound Soluble ion Organic matter |
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Primary elements for growing |
N-P-K |
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Macronutients |
N,P,K,O, Mg, S, H |
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Micronutrients |
B,Cu, Cl, Fe, Mn, Mo, Zn, Ni |
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Beneficial elements in soil |
Si, Na, Co, I |
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Symbiotic Nitrogen fixers |
Frankia Rhizobia bacteria |
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Tilth |
Physical condition of soil especially in relation to suitability for planting or growing crops |
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Erosion |
The accelerated washing and blowing of soil as a result of disturbance by humans |
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Watershed |
An area original land that separates waters flowing in different rivers, basins, or seas |
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Gully erosion |
Water concentrates in channels and evens it rapidly. Forming canyons like the Grand Canyon |
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Rill erosion |
Removal of soil on a side slope by small channels |
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Sheet erosion |
Planing of land surface by water action without formation of channels |
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Saltation |
Bouncing of soil particles after they started to roll mostly Sandy particles |
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Surface creep |
Rolling of soil particles on soil surface |
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Suspension |
Find soil particles such as silt and Clay suspended in air. Dust storms Would-be an example |
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Mass wasting |
Masses of soil move under forces of gravity such as cave INS along riverbeds slides along gully Sides and road banks. Soil creep in region where soils freeze and thaw repeatedly. Control mainly by diversion from susceptible areas. Protection of riverbanks, careful channelization |
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3 main types of water erosion |
Gully, rill, and sheet erosion |
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3 main types of wind erosion |
Surface creep, saltation, suspension |
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Erosion control |
Make every effort to keep from particles from detaching. Strong water stable aggregates associated with high organic matter content allows water to infiltrate the soil. Cover of vegetation dissipates energy of rain drops so that they will not strike directly on the soil aggregates |
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Control of wind erosion |
Achieved by slowing down the wind. Vegetative crop cover most effective means against control. Roughed soil condition helps control Wind erosion |
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Sediment as a pollutant |
Soil is carried by rushing waters until water slows and drops its load of sediment. Great expense for dredgings are incurred. Depleted channels increased flood risk. Dams lose value as capacity of reservoirs decreases |
