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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
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A vertical section of the soil extending vertically through all its horizons and into the parent material. |
Soil Profile |
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A layer of soil, approximately parallel to the surface, with properties that differ from the horizons above or below it – the properties (characteristics) are produced by soil forming processes. |
Soil Horizon |
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A layer in the soil deposited by a geologic force (wind, water, glaciers, oceans, etc.) and not relating to soil forming process. |
Soil Layer |
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Layers dominated by organic material. •Identification Criteria •>20% organic matter •Dark color ( •Feels ‘Squishy” •Identifiable dead leaves, grass, etc. accumulated at surface |
O horizons or layers |
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•Typically ranging from 6-30 centimeters thick •Mineral horizon formed at the surface or below an O horizon. •Characterized by an accumulation of well decomposed organic matter intimately mixed with the mineral fraction.
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A HORIZON |
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Identification Criteria •Mineral soil material •Mix of well decomposed organic matter and mineral material •Surface mineral horizon •Typically dark in color-darker than underlying horizons |
A horizon |
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•Mineral horizon in the upper part of the soil typically underlying an O or A horizon. •Light color due to the natural color of the mineral grains. •Formed by weak organic acids that strip coatings from mineral grains. |
E horizon |
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Field Identification •Zone of eluviation - removal of clays, Fe, Al, and humus •Lighter in color than over or underlying horizon •Near surface, below O or A horizons and above a B horizon |
E horizon |
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Field Identification •Subsurface horizon formed below an O, A, E horizon and above the C horizon •Formed as a result of soil forming processes •Expressed often by color •Illuvial concentration-zone of accumulation |
B horizon |
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Referred to as subsoil. •The zone of accumulation (or illuviation) within the soil. |
B horizon |
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Referred to as parent material. •These horizons and layers are little affected by soil forming processes (unweathered geologic material). •Field Identification •Little affected by soil-forming processes •Geologic layering •Color of unweathered geologic material |
C horizon |
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Soil forms when weathered parent material interacts with environment. •Affected by the following |
•CLIMATE •ORGANISMS •RELIEF •PARENT MATERIAL •TIME |
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•Determines speed, character of soil development:
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•Type and rate of weathering •living organisms and plants found in an area |
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Important for rate of runoff, erosion, drainage |
Topography |
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Determines texture, types of weathering, mineral make-up
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PARENT MATERIAL |
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is the breaking down of rocks, soil, and minerals as well as wood and artificial materials through contact with the Earth's atmosphere, water, and biological organisms. |
Weathering |
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disintegration of parent material; increases surface area: •Surface area increases by same factor as particle size decreases |
Physical (Mechanical): |
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primary minerals are broken down and secondary minerals are formed |
Chemical (Biogeochemical) : |
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: minerals react with H2O •H+ replace soluble parts; OH- combine with mineral cations |
Hydrolysis |
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: mineral combines with H2O |
Hydration |
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: mineral combines with O2 (lose electron) |
Oxidation |
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: loss of O2 (gain electron) |
Reduction |
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: oxides combine with acids to make carbonates |
Carbonation |
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: organic acids form organic complexes with metal cations |
Complexation |
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is the color of the powder left by a mineral after it is rubbed against a hard surface. |
Streak |
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- is the tendency of a mineral to split along surfaces, or planes of weakness. |
Cleavage |
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(humus or organic) Decomposing leaves and lots of organic matter |
O horizon |
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(topsoil) Contains lots of roots, and minerals for growing plants |
A horizon |
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(humus or organic) Decomposing leaves and lots of organic matter |
O horizon |
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(topsoil) Contains lots of roots, and minerals for growing plants |
A horizon |
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(eluviated layer or EXIT layer) Materials, minerals, organic matter, and clays exit the soil profile |
E horizon |
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(subsoil) Minerals from upper horizons stop here |
B horizon |
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(parent material) Earth’s surface that soils developed from |
C horizon |
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Bedrock |
R horizon |
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is made up of soil, sand, mud and rock, which are all composed of minerals |
lithosphere |
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is a naturally occurring, crystalline, inorganic substance with specific physical and chemical properties. |
a mineral |
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- a process by which a material is formed in or on the earth. |
Naturally Occurring |
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- the atoms and molecules of a mineral are the same throughout and are joined in a fixed position as a solid in a definite pattern. |
Crystalline |
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- not living or formed from a living thing. |
Inorganic Substance |
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can be used to represent a mineral. |
Chemical Symbol - a chemical symbol or formula |
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- is the way the surface of the mineral reflects light. |
Luster |
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There are two forms of luster,
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metallic and non-metallic. |
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Mineral with metallic luster |
Pyrite |
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Mineral with non-metallic luster |
Kaolinite |
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Minerals in arranging Moh’s scale of hardness |
1- Talc 2- Gypsum 3- Calcite 4- Fluorite 5- Apatite 6- Orthoclase 7- Quartz 8- Topaz 9- Corundum 10- Diamond |
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- minerals can be identified by determining their relative density as compared to water. |
Specific Gravity |
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Means any garbage, refuse, sludge from a waste, water treatment plant, water supply treatment plant or air pollution control facility, and other discarded materials. |
Solid waste |
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Consist of household and construction waste, demolition debris, sanitation residue and waste from streets •Biodegradable •Non-biodegradable |
Municipal waste |
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those that can cause harm to human and environment |
Hazardous waste |
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Types of hazardous waste |
Toxic waste reactive waste Infectious waste Corrosive waste |
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-Poisonous in small or trace amount |
Toxic waste |
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- Have tendency to react vigorously with air and water, unstable to shock and heat, generates toxic gases or explode during routine management |
Reactive waste |
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-Includes human tissue from surgery, used bandages and hypoderm needles, hospital waste |
Infectious waste |
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- Destroys materials and living tissues by chemical reaction
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Corrosive wastes |
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- Any waste generated during the diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human beings, or animals or in research activities pertaining to the production or testing of biological. |
Biomedical waste |
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- Burying the waste in the yard. |
Land fill |
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- Wastes are burned at high temprature so as to convert them into residue and gaseous products (also known as thermal treatment). |
Incineration |
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- An easy and natural biodegradable process that takes organic wastes(remains of plants, garden and kitchen waste) and turns into nutrient rich food for your plants. |
Composting |
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is the process of taking useful discarded items for a specific next use. |
resource recovery |
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is the process of converting waste products into new products to prevent energy usage and consumption of fresh raw materials. |
Recycling |