Sociology Test 3

Front 1

A _____ is a collection of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time but share little else in common. (Same place, same time. Nothing more.)

Back 1

Aggregate

Front 2

_______ is a number of people who may never have met before but share a similar characteristic (such as education level, age, race, or gender)

Back 2

Category

Front 3

A ____ is a collection of 2 or more people who interact frequently with one another, share a sense of belonging, and have a feeling of interdependence.

Back 3

Group

Front 4

_____ group is Cooley's term for a small, less than specialized group in which members engage in face to face, emotion based interactions over an extended period of time

Back 4

Primary Group

Front 5

______ group is Cooley's term for a larger, more specialized group in which members engage in more-impersonal, goal oriented relationships for a limited period of time.

Back 5

Secondary Group

Front 6

An _______ group is Sumner's term for a group to which a person belongs and with which the person feels a sense of Identity.

Back 6

Ingroup (Sumner)

Front 7

An _______ group is Sumner's term for a group to which a person does not belong and towards which the person may feel a sense of competitiveness or hostility.

Back 7

Outgroup (Sumner)

Front 8

A ______ group is a group that strongly influences a person's behavior and social attitudes, regardless of whether that person is an actual member. May influence one's behavior to act more like the group to which they want to become a part of.

Back 8

Reference group

Front 9

______, or task oriented, needs cannot always be met by one person, so the group works cooperatively to fulfill a specific goal. Groups help members do jobs that would be impossible, or very challenging to do alone. (like a one man football team)

Back 9

Instrumental

Front 10

Groups also help members meet their _______, or emotional needs, especially those involving self expression and support from family, friends, and peers.

Back 10

Expressive

Front 11

______ _____ are highly structured secondary groups formed for the purpose of achieving specific goals.

Back 11

Formal Organization

Front 12

A ____ is a group composed of 2 members. Participation of both is crucial for group's survival. Intense bond not felt in large groups. EX: married couples, best friends

Back 12

Dyad

Front 13

A _____ is a group that consists of 3 members. This occurs when a third person is added to the dyad. Even if one member ignores another or declines to participate, the group can still function. (structural power, 3 interactions possible)

Back 13

Triad

Front 14

In a triad group if 2 members unite and create an alliance to attempt to reach a shared objective or goal they have formed a _______. The third member may be seen as an outsider.

Back 14

Coalition

Front 15

_____ is the process of maintaining or changing behavior to comply with the norms established by a society, subculture, or other group.

Back 15

Conformity

Front 16

In Asch's research, he found that subjects chose an answer that they knew was wrong ___ of the time simply because everyone else in the group thought that it was the correct answer. The participants were afraid of the ridicule they would receive for choosing something different. (size of group & social cohesion are important influences)

Back 16

1/3

Front 17

In Milgram's study, we learn that ______ to authority is more common than most of us would like to believe. No "teachers" challenge the process before they applied 300 volts. Almost _____ went all the way to what could have been a deadly volt because that's what they were instructed to do.

Back 17

Obedience

2/3

Front 18

In Milgram's experiment, the subjects were _____ about the nature of the study. Many of them found the experiment to be extremely stressful. Subjects under such conditions may have lasting emotional scars and this experiment would never happen today.

Back 18

deceived

(ethics of research)

Front 19

______ _____ is the process by which members of a cohesive group arrive at a decision that many individual members privately believe unwise.

Back 19

Group think

Front 20

_______ Organizations we join voluntarily to pursue a common interest or gain prestige. (political parties, ecological activist groups, religious organizations, parent-teacher associations, fraternities and sororities)

Back 20

Normative Organizations

Front 21

______ Organizations are associations that people are forced to join involuntarily. (boot camps, prisons, some mental hospitals)

Back 21

Coercive Organizations

Front 22

_______ Organizations we join voluntarily when they can provide us with a material reward. (not always completely voluntary. EX: people continue to work even though their conditions are less than ideal)

Back 22

Utilitarian Organizations

Front 23

A _____ is an organizational model characterized by a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor explicit rules and procedures, and impersonality in personnel matters.

Back 23

Bureaucracy

Front 24

_______ is the process by which traditional methods of social organization, characterized by informality and spontaneity, are gradually replaced by efficiently administered formal rules and procedures.

Back 24

Rationality

Front 25

The ideal characteristics of bureaucracy are:

Back 25

Division of Labor
Hierarchy of Authority
Rules and Regulations
Qualification-based Employment
Impersonality

Front 26

This Ideal characteristic of bureaucracy is characterized by specialization, each member has a highly specialized task to perform.

Back 26

Division of labor

Front 27

This Ideal characteristic of bureaucracy states that each of the lower offices is under the control as the one above it. The lower offices not only reflect themselves but the people that supervise them.

Back 27

Hierarchy of Authority

Front 28

This Ideal characteristic of bureaucracy offers clear cut standards for determining satisfactory performance.

Back 28

Rules and regulations

Front 29

This Ideal characteristic of bureaucracy requires that employees are hired based on specific qualifications.

Back 29

Qualification based employment

Front 30

This Ideal characteristic of bureaucracy states that personal feelings shouldn't interfere with organizational decisions.

Back 30

Impersonality

Front 31

What are the effects of bureaucracy?

Back 31

Inefficiency and rigidity

Resistance to change

Perpetuation of race, class, and gender inequalities

Front 32

The _______________ is composed of aspects of participants' day-to-day activities that ignore, bypass, or do not correspond with the official rules and procedures of the bureaucracy.

Back 32

The Informal side of Bureaucracy

Front 33

The _______________ (Michels) is the tendency to become a bureaucracy ruled by the few; people with power use it to increase their power.

Back 33

Iron Law of Oligarchy

Front 34

______ is any behavior, belief, or condition that violates significant social norms in the society or group in which it occurs. Based on belief, or deviation from the mean; crime isn't necessarily ________ (highway speeding). Also ______ isn't necessarily crime (not assisting a drowning person).

Back 34

Deviance

Front 35

Who defines Deviance?

Back 35

- Deviance isn't inherent is specific behavior or person
- Socially defined and relevant to the situation

Front 36

A _____ is a behavior that violates criminal law and is punishable with fines, jail terms, and other sanctions. (Punished by the CJ system, use of force or fraud in pursuit of self-interest, defined via political power)

Back 36

Crime

Front 37

____ _____ is a status offense by young people (ascribed status)

Back 37

Juvenile Delinquency

Front 38

_____ _____ is Systematic practices developed by social groups to encourage
conformity to norms, and discourage deviance.

Back 38

Social Control

Front 39

_____ social control takes place through the socialization process; internalized beliefs of societal norms and values that prescribe how people should behave and then follow those norms and values in their everyday life.

Back 39

internal social control

Front 40

_____ social control involves the use of negative sanctions that proscribe certain behaviors and set fourth punishments for rule breakers and non-conformists.

Back 40

external social control

Front 41

______ social control consists of police, court, and correction systems.

Back 41

formal social control

Front 42

______ social control consists of family, friends, and the general public.

Back 42

Informal social control

Front 43

_____ (Durkheim) is a social condition in which people experience a sense of futility because social norms are weak, absent, or conflicting. (rapid social change, lack of social integration)

Back 43

Anomie

Front 44

Deviance is universal because it serves 3 important functions:

Back 44

1.) Deviance clarifies rules - affirms/clarifies the meaning
2.) Deviance unites a group - solidarity is reinforced
3.) Deviance promotes social change - exposes the "problems"

Front 45

The ____ ____ (Merton) is the proposition that people feel strain when they are exposed to cultural goals that they are unable to obtain because they don't have access to culturally approved means of achieving those goals.
(Goals & Means are not "aligned".)
(Goal - american dream, or something similar.)

Back 45

Strain Theory

Front 46

What are the modes of Adaptation? 5

Back 46

Conformity
Innovation
Ritualism
Retreatism
Rebellion

Front 47

____ is a crime, but is a rational response to blocked means.

Back 47

Innovation

Front 48

The _____ mode of adaptation occurs when people accept societies goals but adopt disapproved means for achieving them.

Back 48

Innovation

Front 49

The _____ mode of adaptation occurs when people give up on societal goals but still adhere to the socially approved means of achieving them.

Back 49

Ritualism

Front 50

The _____ mode of adaptation occurs when people abandon both the approved goals and the means for achieving them.

Back 50

Retreatism

Front 51

The _____ mode of adaptation occurs when people challenge both the approved goals and the approved means for achieving them and advocate an alternative set of goals or means.

Back 51

Rebellion

Front 52

The _____ mode of adaptation is the only one that Merton classified as not deviant.

Back 52

Conformity

Front 53

According to the _______'s perspective on deviance, laws and norms are defined by those with power, and do not represent the consensus of right or wrong. EX: Marijuana Laws - Medical Marijuana

Back 53

Conflict's perspective

Front 54

According to the ______'s perspective on deviance, Laws and norms protect the power and privilege of rich and economically powerful people and corporations. EX: laws that restrict collective bargaining (unions)

Back 54

Conflict's perspective

Front 55

______________ (Sutherland) is the proposition that individuals have a greater tendency to deviate from societal norms when they frequently associate with persons who are more favorable towards deviance than conformity.(Focuses on social process)

Back 55

Differential association theory

Front 56

_____________ (Akers) suggest that deviant behavior and conventional behavior are learned through the same social processes.(Focuses on sanctions: positive/negative)

Back 56

Differential reinforcement theory

Front 57

Reckless and Hirschi both agreed on the _____ ____, which states that deviant behavior is minimized when people have strong bonds that bind them to families, schools, peers, churches, and other social institutions.

Back 57

Restraint theories

Front 58

The __________ (Hirschi) holds that the probability of deviant behavior increases when a person's ties to society are weakened or broken.

Back 58

Social Bond Theory

Front 59

According to Hirschi, social bonding consists of 4:

Back 59

1.) Attachment - seek approval of significant others
2.) Commitment - to conventional "lines of Action"
3.) Involvement - in "conventional" activities
4.) Belief - in legitimacy of values and norms

Front 60

The __________ states that deviance is a socially constructed process in which social control agencies designate certain people as deviants, and they, in turn, come to accept the label placed upon them and begin to act accordingly.

Back 60

Labeling theory

(deviance/crime is a social construction)

Front 61

_____ ______ are people/organizations that define deviance.

Back 61

Moral entrepreneurs

Front 62

_____ crime consists of actions - murder, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault - involving force or the threat of force against others.

Back 62

Violent crime (Personal)

Front 63

_____ crimes include burglary(breaking into private property to commit a serious crime), motor vehicle theft, larceny theft(theft of property of 50$), and arson

Back 63

Property (personal)

Front 64

__________ crimes involve an illegal action voluntarily engaged by the participants, such as prostitution, illegal gambling, the private use of illegal drugs, and illegal porn.

Back 64

Public Order (personal)

Front 65

_____ crime (enterprise) illegal activities committed by people in the course of their employment or financial affairs.

Back 65

Occupational (white-collar)

Front 66

_____ crime (enterprise) is a business operation that supplies illegal goods and services for profit.

Back 66

Organized

Front 67

_____ crime (enterprise) are illegal acts committed by corporate employees on behalf of the corporation and with its support.

Back 67

Corporate

Front 68

_____ crime is the illegal or unethical acts involving the usurpation of power by government officials, or illegal/unethical acts perpetrated against the government by outsiders seeking to make a political statement, undermine the government, or overthrow it.

Back 68

Political

Front 69

_____ (political) is the calculated unlawful use of physical force or threats of violence against persons or property in order to intimidate or coerce a government, organization, or individual for the purpose of gaining some political, religious, economic, or social objective.

Back 69

Terrorism

Front 70

Crime statistics show.....

Back 70

reported crimes represent "the tip of the ice burg"

Front 71

The ____ gender tend to have higher rates of criminal offense.

Back 71

Male

Front 72

What's the age curve for violence and where does it peak?

Back 72

13-25, peaks from 16-18

16 - personal crimes
18 - property crimes

Front 73

In both social class and race in reference to street crime......

Back 73

the propensity (natural inclination) is the same, but the magnitude varies.