Sociology Test 2

Front 1

Stratification

Back 1

Inequalities within human structures and societies

Front 2

Three Aspects of Stratification

Back 2

Class, Status and Power

Front 3

Systems of Stratification

Back 3

Systems that group people into social categories based heavily on achieved and ascribed social status

Front 4

Class

Back 4

Social group of people who occupy a similar economic position in society

Front 5

Social Classes

Back 5

Upper 5%
Middle 40-45%
Working 33%
Lower 20%

Front 6

Plato

Back 6

Every culture considers some type of inequality "fair"

Front 7

Marx

Back 7

Capitalist societies keep wealth and power for a few

Front 8

Spencer

Back 8

Socieites are survival of the fittest

Front 9

Davis-Moore

Back 9

Social Stratification has beneficial consequences for the operation of a society. the greater the importance of a position, the more rewards a society attaches to it. Its a kind of incentive.

Front 10

Marx

Back 10

Capitalism systemically breeds inequality and the majority should organize to overthrow capitalism.

Front 11

Bourgeoisie

Back 11

Those with Production capabilities (Capitalists)

Front 12

Proletariet

Back 12

Working Class

Front 13

Kuznets Curve

Back 13

Argues that inequality increases during early industrialization and eventually stabilizes at low levels.

Front 14

Old Income Terminaology

Back 14

High Income- Richest 40
Middle Income- Somewhat poorer nations with economic development typical for the world as a whole

Front 15

Low Income Countries

Back 15

Remaining Sixty with lowest productivity and extensive poverty

Front 16

high Income Charicteristics

Back 16

First to develop in Industrial Revolution + Over half the world's Income

Front 17

Middle Income Countries

Back 17

Limited Industrialization, $2500 to $10,000. Rural and agricultural Based Economies.

Front 18

Low Income Countries

Back 18

60 Nations, Half of world's poor, short life expectancy.

Front 19

Global Power Relationships

Back 19

Colonialism- The Process by which some nations enrich themselves through political and economic control of other nations

Neocolonialism- A New form of global power relationship that does not involve direct control but rather economic exploitation by multinational corporations

Front 20

Multinational Corporations

Back 20

Huge Businesses that operate in many countries

Front 21

Poverty Threshold

Back 21

Three times the income needed to purchase a nutritionally adequete diet. Adjusted for family size.

Front 22

Steps towards Public Policy

Back 22

Known Hazard, Probabliity of Injury/Death, Significant loss/harm, alternatives, benefits outweigh costs of regulation, failure of industry to self regulate, Politics - R&B years = No Regulations

Front 23

Homelessnes

Back 23

No Definite count

1/3 are mentally ill
1/3 are single males
1/3 are families displaed by structural changes

Families with Children have highest growth

Single Black Males make up majority of homeless

Front 24

Economic Homeless

Back 24

Can't find affordable housing,

Services needed: affordable, suitable housing

Front 25

Situational Homeless

Back 25

Economic Problems plus life conflicts.

Dangerous/Traumatic situations:

Battering spouse, abusive parents, etc. Long Histories of abuse, depression and dysfunctional lifestyle.

Front 26

Chronic Homeless

Back 26

Individuals involved with drugs, alcohol and mental dysfunction.

Front 27

Weber on Stratification

Back 27

Class Divisions come not only from lack of control of productions but economic differences like skills and education.

Considers status and consideration of race and gender.

Front 28

Davis and Moore On Stratification

Back 28

Claimed stratification had beneficial consequences for society. Claimed that inequalities in status or money were incentives to attract intelligent, qualified people into important roles.

Front 29

Erik Olin Wright

Back 29

Believes in three main areas of control for economic resources in modern capitalist production whoch allow us to identify the major classes that exist:

Control over money/investments

Control over physical means of production

Control over labor power

Front 30

Women and Poverty

Back 30

Women's labor unrecognized, undervalued and underpaid.

70% of worlds population of those livign near poverty line are women.

Front 31

Slavery

Back 31

Chattel Slavery- One owns another

Child- Common form of bondage

Debt bondage- Employers hold workers to pay for their debts

Serville forms of marriage- Married agaisnt their will or forced into prostitution

Front 32

Dependency Theory

Back 32

Model of economic Development that explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor societies by rich ones.

Front 33

Wallerstein's Capitalist World Economy

Back 33

Today's world economy is rooted in colonization that began 500 years ago:

Rich countries at the core, being fueled by raw materials from around the world

Lower income at the Periphery, providing cheap labor and a market for industrial products

Middle income have closer ties to core

This model attempts to explain modern world inequality. A major point in this perspective is that the world economy, a global system, is beyond the control of traditional nations, and is dominated by capitalism. The rich nations are at the core of this world economy. This system perpetuates poverty in the rest of the world by creating and maintaining the dependency of these nations. This dependency is caused primarily by three factors:

1. Narrow, export-oriented economies focussed on raw materials.
2. Lack of industrial capacity which means manufactured goods must be purchased.
3. Excessive foreign debt.

Front 34

Wallterstein's Theories

Back 34

The world economy benefits rich societies by generating profits and harming the rest of the workld by perpetuating poverty and creating dependence of poor countries by rich countries.

Front 35

Gender Stratification

Back 35

Unequal distribution of wealth, power and privilege between men and women

Front 36

Glass Ceiling

Back 36

Pay increases for men will often not result in the same pay increases for women.

Front 37

Feminization of poverty

Back 37

More women caught in cycles of poverty as a result of more women in the labor force coupled with lower wages provided for them.

Front 38

Structural Functional analysis

Back 38

Gender functions to organize social life

complementary roles for familiy in order to carry out various tasks

Front 39

Social Conflict Analysis (Engle)

Back 39

Friedrich Engle: Capitalism Intensifies male domination

Friedrich Engels saw technology leading to a productive surplus and a class system to dispose of the surplus wealth. With agricultural surplus, gender inequality was created as monogamous marriage and progeny were necessary to maintain control of private property and women built their lives around husbands and children. Engels contended that capitalism intensified this male domination.

Front 40

Ferguson Chapter 23

Tumin's Counter argument

Back 40

Davis and Brooks argue that stratification is a functional necessity and society sets rewards accordingly. Tumin argues that it is not neccesary by sayng higher positions are filled with people from the elite of society and are retaken by the people from the same elite class

Front 41

Ferguson Chapter 24

What is class?

Back 41

More than income, behavioral guidelines and rich mans mentality. Class is institutionalized because of schooling/clubs and culture.

Front 42

Ferguson Chapter 25

Hidden Cost of Being Black

Back 42

Strong correlation between race and class.

Blacks lack the "step up" that wealthy whites have (inheritance, a leftover house, parents can afford education)

Front 43

Ferguson Chapter 35

Power Elite

Back 43

Political, Military and Corporate

Mostly filled by upper class

Front 44

Ferguson Chapter 41

Marx Communist Manifesto

Back 44

Proletariat- Working Class
Beageoisie- Capitalists, owned means of production

Working Class exploited, alienated from products they made

Front 45

Chapter 4?

Mcdonalds: Marxist view vs. Durkheim

Back 45

Marx, and individual is alienated from a product

Durkheim= Very clear rules help a social system function well. However, super micromanagement hurts the system.

Front 46

Chapter 44

Protestant Work Ethic

Back 46

Weber looked at the effects of protestant work ethic on the country

Protestants believed working really hard brought them closer to God or made them validate their spot in heaven (predestination). Basis for the attitude expressed in the American Capitalist economy.

Significant because it connected morals to work ethic

Front 47

Gender

Back 47

Nature vs. Nurture- Sociobio's believe anatomy determines gender. Sex theorists believes society dictates gender.

Structure- No basis, mostly on structure

Interactionist- When one is labled male or female, they assume the behavioral norms of that position

Front 48

Gender Social Structure

Back 48

Gender is used to justify the basis of power imbalance

"women paid less"

Front 49

New Racism

Back 49

Racism is now more underground and not as blatant as before.

Front 50

Lareau

Back 50

Class is a better factor for affirmative action

Front 51

Capitalism breeds ___

Back 51

inequality

Front 52

Inequality is linked to __

Back 52

social problems and has a strong correlation to mental illness

Front 53

Talcott Parsons

Back 53

Talcott Parsons theorized that gender plays a part in integrating society by providing men and women with a set of complementary roles (instrumental and expressive) which they learn through the socialization process. The primary societal responsibility of women, in this view, is child-rearing. Thus, they are socialized to display expressive qualities. Men are responsible for achievement in the labour force and therefore are socialized to exhibit instrumental traits.

Criticisms of this approach include the lack of recognition that many women have traditionally worked outside the home, the neglect of the personal strains associated with such a family orientation and the fact that what is reinforced is simply male domination.

Front 54

Housework: Women's "Second Shift"

Back 54

Despite women's rapid entry into the labour force they continue to do most of the shopping, cooking and cleaning, amounting to what sociologists call a "second shift", a shift which introduces considerable stress to their lives. Global Map 13-3 (p.320) outlines the proportions of housework performed by women globally.

Front 55

Meritocracy

Back 55

Meritocracy, a system of social stratification based on personal merit, would, theoretically, be a very productive system. Melvin Tumin argues that functional importance of tasks is difficult to measure. Other structures block equal access to jobs and social conflict is promoted by stratification. The Controversy and Debate box (pp. 246-47) suggests that the market forces which reward athletes, entertainers and chief executive officers of large corporations are obviously not operating according to the principles of functional importance.

Front 56

Karl Marx: Class and Conflict

Back 56

Marx's view of social stratification is based on his observations of industrialization in Europe during the second half of the 19th century. He saw a class division between the capitalists (owners of the means of production) and the workers (proletariat). This resulted in separation and inevitable conflict. As influential as Marx's thinking has been for sociological understanding of social stratification, it does overlook its motivating value. The insight provided by the Davis-Moore thesis perhaps explains, in part, the low productivity characteristic of former socialist economies. Supporters of Marx still contend, however, that people are not inherently selfish and could be motivated to perform social roles for more intrinsic rewards.

Front 57

Max Weber: Class, Status, and Power

Back 57

Max Weber viewed Marx's ideas of social class as being too simplistic. Weber theorized that there were three dimensions of social inequality: class, status, and power.

Front 58

Scapegoat Theory

Back 58

Scapegoat theory suggests that frustration leads to prejudice especially on the part of people who themselves are disadvantaged. A scapegoat is a person or category of people unfairly blamed for the troubles of others.

Front 59

Authoritarian Personality Theory

Back 59

The authoritarian personality notion, first suggested by T. W. Adorno, holds that extreme prejudice is a personality trait linked to persons who conform rigidly to cultural norms and values. Such people typically have little education and were raised by cold and demanding parents.

Front 60

Cultural Theory

Back 60

This view suggests that some prejudice is embedded in cultural values. Emory Bogardus developed the concept of social distance to measure the attitudes of Americans toward different racial and ethnic groups. His findings conclude that prejudice is operative throughout American society.

Although Canadians may be more tolerant than Americans toward racial and ethnic minorities, there is still evidence of a Eurocentric bias.

Front 61

Conflict Theory

Back 61

This approach argues that prejudice results from social conflict among categories of people. Prejudice is used as an ideology to legitimate the oppression of certain groups or categories of people. A different argument is also presented in this context which focuses on the climate of race consciousness being created by minorities themselves as a political strategy to gain power and privilege.

Front 62

Habitus

Back 62

In Bourdieu's work, habitus can be defined as a system of durable and transposable[3] "dispositions” (lasting, acquired schemes of perception, thought and action). The individual agent develops these dispositions in response to the determining structures (such as class, family, and education) and external conditions (field)s they encounter. They are therefore neither wholly voluntary nor wholly involuntary.

The habitus provides the practical skills and dispositions necessary to navigate within different fields (such as sports, professional life, art) and guides the choices of the individual without ever being strictly reducible to prescribed, formal rules.[4] At the same time, the habitus is constantly remade by these navigations and choices (including the success or failure of previous actions).

Describing neither complete determination by social factors nor individual autonomy, the habitus mediates between “objective” structures of social relations and the individual “subjective” behavior of actors. In this way Bourdieu theorizes the inculcation of objective social structures into the subjective, mental experience of agents.

Translation: Intrinsic mental and social states are heavily influenced by outside factors