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240 Cards in this Set
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B) The scientific study of social behavior and human groups.
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Sociology Ch. 1 Multiple Choice (Off Internet)
1. Sociology is? A) An awareness of the relationship between an individual and the wider society. B) The scientific study of social behavior and human groups. C) Concerned with what one individual does or does not do. D) Very narrow in scope. |
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D) C. Wright Mills
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Sociology Ch. 1 Multiple Choice (Off Internet)
2. Which sociologist introduced the concept of the sociological imagination? A) Richard Schaefer B) Auguste Comte C) Harriet Martineau D) C. Wright Mills |
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B) There seemed to be higher rates of suicide in times of peace than in times of war and revolution.
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Sociology Ch. 1 Multiple Choice (Off Internet)
3. Durkheim's research suggested that A) Catholics had much higher suicide rates than Protestants. B) There seemed to be higher rates of suicide in times of peace than in times of war and revolution. C) Civilians were more likely to take their lives than soldiers. D) Suicide is a solitary act, unrelated to group life. |
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B) Verstehen - the German word for "understanding" or "insight".
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Sociology Ch. 1 Multiple Choice (Off Internet)
4. Weber taught his students that they should employ what in their intellectual work? A) Anomie B) Verstehen C) The Sociological Imagination D) Microsociology |
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D) Functionalist Perspective
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Sociology Ch. 1 Multiple Choice (Off Internet)
5. Which sociological perspective holds that if an aspect of social life does not contribute to a society's stability or survival it will not be passed on from one generation to the next? A) Conflict Perspective B) Interactionist Perspective C) Microsociology D) Functionalist Perspective |
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A) Conflict Perspective
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Sociology Ch. 1 Multiple Choice (Off Internet)
6. Which sociological perspective assumes that social behavior is best understood in terms of tension between competing groups? A) Conflict Perspective B) Interactionist Perspective C) Microsociology D) Functionalist Perspective |
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C) The Sociological Imagination.
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Sociology Ch. 1 Multiple Choice (Off Internet)
7. Sociologist C. Wright Mills spoke of an awareness of the relationship between an individual and the wider society and referred to this awareness as A) Sociology. B) Social Psychology. C) The Sociological Imagination. D) Impression Management. |
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A) Theory
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Sociology Ch. 1 Multiple Choice (Off Internet)
8. Within sociology, a/an __________ is a set of statements that seeks to explain problems, actions, or behavior. A) Theory B) Hypothesis C) Operational Definition D) Correlation |
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A) Applied the concept of evolution of the species to societies.
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Sociology Ch. 1 Multiple Choice (Off Internet)
9. According to the text, Herbert Spencer A) Applied the concept of evolution of the species to societies. B) Felt compelled to correct and improve society. C) Argued that it is "unnatural" that some people are rich while others are poor. D) All of these. |
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C) Ideal Type
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Sociology Ch. 1 Multiple Choice (Off Internet)
10. Sociologist Max Weber coined the term __________ in referring to a made-up model that serves as a measuring rod against which actual cases can be evaluated. A) Operational Definition B) Theory C) Ideal Type D) Verstehen |
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A) Karl Marx
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Sociology Ch. 1 Multiple Choice (Off Internet)
11. __________ and Friedrich Engels prepared a platform called The Communist Manifesto, in which they argued that the masses of people who have no resources other than their labor (the proletariat) should unite to fight for the overthrow of capitalist societies. A) Karl Marx B) Émile Durkheim C) Max Weber D) Herbert Spencer |
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B) Functionalist
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Sociology Ch. 1 Multiple Choice (Off Internet)
12. Thinking of society as a living organism in which each part of the organism contributes to its survival is a reflection of which theoretical perspective? A) Interactionist B) Functionalist C) Conflict D) Feminist |
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A) Manifest
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Sociology Ch. 1 Multiple Choice (Off Internet)
13. __________ functions of institutions are open, stated, and conscious. A) Manifest B) Latent C) Dys D) Structural |
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C) Unconscious and/or Unintended.
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Sociology Ch. 1 Multiple Choice (Off Internet)
14. Latent functions are A) Open, Stated, and Conscious. B) Disruptive and Threaten Stability. C) Unconscious and/or Unintended. D) Destructive. |
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C) Interactionist
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Sociology Ch. 1 Multiple Choice (Off Internet)
15. Proponents of the __________ perspective generalize about everyday forms of social interaction in order to understand society as a whole. A) Conflict B) Functionalist C) Interactionist D) Feminist |
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A) Auguste Comte - In Comte's hierarchy of sciences, sociology was at the top. He called it the "queen" and its practitioners "science-priests."
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Sociology Ch. 1 Multiple Choice (Off Internet)
16. In this sociologist's hierarchy of sciences, sociology was the "queen" and its practitioners were "science-priests." A) Auguste Comte B) Émile Durkheim C) Herbert Spencer D) Harriet Martineau |
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C) Latent Function - Latent functions are unconscious or unintended functions and may reflect hidden purposes of institutions.
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Sociology Ch. 1 Multiple Choice (Off Internet)
17. The holding down of unemployment by universities would be considered what kind of function? A) Dysfunction B) Manifest Function C) Latent Function D) Conflict Function |
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C) Interactionist Perspective
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Sociology Ch. 1 Multiple Choice (Off Internet)
18. Which theoretical perspective would examine sports on the microlevel by focusing on how day-to-day social behavior is shaped by the distinctive norms, values, and demands of the world of sports? A) Functionalist Perspective B) Conflict Perspective C) Interactionist Perspective D) Both Functionalist and Conflict Perspective |
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C) Defining the Problem
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Sociology Ch. 1 Multiple Choice (Off Internet)
19. Which step is the first step in the scientific method? A) Reviewing the Literature B) Formulating a Testable Hypothesis C) Defining the Problem D) Selecting the Research Design and then Collecting and Analyzing the Data |
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B) An Operational Definition.
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Sociology Ch. 1 Multiple Choice (Off Internet)
20. An explanation of an abstract concept that is specific enough to allow a researcher to measure the concept is A) A Hypothesis. B) An Operational Definition. C) A Correlation. D) A Variable. |
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D) The Independent Variable.
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Sociology Ch. 1 Multiple Choice (Off Internet)
21. The variable hypothesized to cause or influence another is called A) The Dependent Variable. B) The Hypothetical Variable. C) The Correlation Variable. D) The Independent Variable. |
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C) A Random Sample - Social scientists most frequently use random samples. In a random sample, every member of an entire population being studied has the same chance of being selected.
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Sociology Ch. 1 Multiple Choice (Off Internet)
22. Which kind of sample is most frequently used by social scientists? A) A Purposive Sample B) A Haphazard Sample C) A Random Sample D) A Nonscientific Sample |
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A) A Control Variable
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Sociology Ch. 1 Multiple Choice (Off Internet)
23. Which type of variable is a factor held constant to test the relative impact of the independent variable? A) A Control Variable B) An Independent Variable C) A Dependent Variable D) A Hypothetical Variable |
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D) A Survey
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Sociology Ch. 1 Multiple Choice (Off Internet)
24. A study, generally in the form of an interview or questionnaire, is known as what? A) An Observation B) Ethnography C) An Experiment D) A Survey |
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B) Validity.
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Sociology Ch. 1 Multiple Choice (Off Internet)
25. The degree to which a measure or scale truly reflects the phenomenon under study is termed A) Reliability. B) Validity. C) Sampling Representativeness. D) Predictability. |
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False - Sociology is the scientific study of social behavior and human groups. The sociological imagination is an awareness of the relationship between an individual and the wider society.
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Sociology Ch. 1 True or False (Off Internet)
1. Sociology is an awareness of the relationship between an individual and the wider society. |
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False - Weber introduced the key conceptual tool called the ideal type. An ideal type is a construct: a made-up model that serves as a measuring rod against which actual cases can be evaluated. Durkheim introduced the concept of anomie.
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Sociology Ch. 1 True or False (Off Internet)
2. Sociology owes credit to Max Weber for a key conceptual tool called anomie. |
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True - In Karl Marx's analysis, society was fundamentally divided between classes that clash in pursuit of their own class interests. When he examined the industrial societies of his time, he saw the factory as the center of conflict between the exploited and the exploiters.
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Sociology Ch. 1 True or False (Off Internet)
3. In Karl Marx's analysis, society was fundamentally divided between classes that clash in pursuit of their own class interests. |
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False - Sociologist Robert Merton made an important contribution to the discipline of sociology by successfully combining theory and research. Marx and Engels argued that the working class needed to overthrow the existing class system.
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Sociology Ch. 1 True or False (Off Internet)
4. Sociologist Robert Merton made an important contribution to the discipline of sociology by arguing that the working class needed to overthrow the existing class system. |
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True - The functionalist perspective does emphasize the way that parts of a society are structured to maintain its stability. This perspective views society as a living organism in which each part of the organism contributes to its survival.
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Sociology Ch. 1 True or False (Off Internet)
5. The functionalist perspective emphasizes the way that parts of a society are structured to maintain its stability. |
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False - The term dysfunction refers to an element or a process of society that may actually disrupt a social system or lead to a decrease in stability. Latent functions are unconscious or unintended functions.
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Sociology Ch. 1 True or False (Off Internet)
6. The term latent function refers to an element or process of society that may actually disrupt a social system or lead to a decrease in stability. |
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True - Conflict theorists are interested in how society's institutions may help to maintain the privileges of some groups and keep others in a subservient position. Their emphasis on social change and redistribution of resources makes conflict theorists more "radical" and "activist" than functionalists.
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Sociology Ch. 1 True or False (Off Internet)
7. Conflict theorists are interested in how society's institutions may help to maintain the privileges of some groups and keep others in a subservient position. |
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False - George Herbert Mead is widely regarded as the founder of the interactionist perspective. His sociological analysis, like that of Cooley, often focused on human interactions within one-to-one situations and small groups.
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Sociology Ch. 1 True or False (Off Internet)
8. Charles Horton Cooley is widely regarded as the founder of the interactionist perspective. |
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True - A hypothesis is a speculative statement about the relationship between two or more factors known as variables. Researchers who formulate a hypothesis generally must suggest how one aspect of human behavior influences or affects another.
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Sociology Ch. 1 True or False (Off Internet)
9. A hypothesis is a speculative statement about the relationship between two or more factors known as variables. |
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True - Reliability refers to the extent to which a measure produces consistent results. Validity refers to the degree to which a measure or scale truly reflects the phenomenon under study.
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Sociology Ch. 1 True or False (Off Internet)
10. The scientific method requires that research results be both valid and reliable. Reliability refers to the extent to which a measure produces consistent results. |
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False - Observation research is the most common form of qualitative research. This type of research relies on what is seen in field or naturalistic settings more than on statistical data.
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Sociology Ch. 1 True or False (Off Internet)
11 - Observation research is the most common form of quantitative research. |
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False - When sociologists want to study a possible cause-and-effect relationship, they conduct experiments. An experiment is an artificially created situation that allows the researcher to manipulate variables.
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Sociology Ch. 1 True or False (Off Internet)
12 - When sociologists want to study a possible cause-and-effect relationship, they conduct participant observation research. |
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False - Researchers conducting experiments assign the subjects to one of two groups. These groups are called the experimental group and the control group. The experimental group is exposed to an independent variable; the control group is not.
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Sociology Ch. 1 True or False (Off Internet)
13 - Researchers conducting experiments assign the subjects to one of two groups. These groups are called the dependent and independent groups. |
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False - Content analysis is the systematic coding and objective recording of data guided by some rationale. Secondary analysis refers to a variety of research techniques that make use of previously collected and publicly accessible information and data. Content analysis is a secondary analysis research technique.
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Sociology Ch. 1 True or False (Off Internet)
14 - Secondary analysis is the systematic coding and objective recording of data guided by some rationale. |
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False - A relationship between two variables whereby a change in one coincides with a change in the other is referred to as correlation.
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Sociology Ch. 1 True or False (Off Internet)
15 - A relationship between two variables, whereby a change in one coincides with a change in the other, is referred to as causality. |
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Ch. 1 Vocabulary (pg. 34)
1. Applied Sociology (pg. 30) |
Sociology Ch. 1 Vocabulary
The use of the discipline of sociology with the specific intent of yielding practical applications for human behavior and organizations. |
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2. Basic Sociology (pg. 31)
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Sociology Ch. 1 Vocabulary
Sociological inquiry conducted with the objective of gaining a more profound knowledge of the fundamental aspects of social phenomena. Also known as pure sociology. |
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3. Causal Logic (pg. 22)
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Sociology Ch. 1 Vocabulary
The relationship between a condition or variable and a particular consequence, with one event leading to the other. |
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4. Clinical Sociology (pg. 31)
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Sociology Ch. 1 Vocabulary
The use of the discipline of sociology with the specific intent of altering social relationships or restructuring social institutions. |
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5. Code of Ethics (pg. 30)
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Sociology Ch. 1 Vocabulary
The standards of acceptable behavior developed by and for members of a profession. |
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6. Conflict Perspective (pg. 15)
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Sociology Ch. 1 Vocabulary
A sociological approach that assumes that social behavior is best understood in terms of conflict or tension between competing groups (competition for scarce resources; How the elite control the poor and weak). |
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7. Content Analysis (pg. 28)
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Sociology Ch. 1 Vocabulary
The systematic coding and objective recording of data, guided by some rationale. |
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8. Control Group (pg. 27)
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Sociology Ch. 1 Vocabulary
Subjects in an experiment who are not introduced to the independent variable by the researcher. |
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9. Control Variable (pg. 24)
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Sociology Ch. 1 Vocabulary
A factor held constant to test the relative impact of an independent variable. |
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10. Correlation (pg. 22)
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Sociology Ch. 1 Vocabulary
A relationship between two variables in which a change in one coincides with a change in the other. |
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11. Dependent Variable (pg. 22)
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Sociology Ch. 1 Vocabulary
The variable in a causal relationship that is subject to the influence of another variable. |
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12. Dysfunction (pg. 14)
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Sociology Ch. 1 Vocabulary
An element or process of a society that may actually disrupt the social system or reduce its stability. |
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13. Ethnography (pg. 26)
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Sociology Ch. 1 Vocabulary
The study of an entire social setting through extended, systematic observation. |
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14. Experiment (pg. 27)
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Sociology Ch. 1 Vocabulary
An artificially created situation that allows the researcher to manipulate variables. |
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15. Experimental Group (pg. 27)
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Sociology Ch. 1 Vocabulary
Subjects in an experiment who are exposed to an independent variable introduced by a researcher. |
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16. Feminist Perspective (pg. 17)
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Sociology Ch. 1 Vocabulary
A sociological approach that views inequity in gender as central to all behavior and organization. |
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17. Functionalist Perspective (pg. 14)
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Sociology Ch. 1 Vocabulary
A sociological approach that emphasizes the way that the parts of a society are structured to maintain its stability (Macro, the relationship between the parts of society; How aspects of society are functional or adaptive). |
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18. Hawthorne Effect (pg. 28)
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Sociology Ch. 1 Vocabulary
The unintended influence of observers or experiments on subjects of research. |
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19. Hypothesis (pg. 21)
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Sociology Ch. 1 Vocabulary
A speculative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. |
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20. Ideal Type (pg. 10)
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Sociology Ch. 1 Vocabulary
A construct or model that serves as a measuring rod against which actual cases can be evaluated. |
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21. Independent Variable (pg. 21)
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Sociology Ch. 1 Vocabulary
The variable in a causal relationship that, when altered, causes or influences a change in a second variable. |
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22. Interactionist Perspective (pg. 18)
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Sociology Ch. 1 Vocabulary
A sociological approach that generalizes about everyday forms of social interaction (Micro, face-to-face interactions). |
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23. Interview (pg. 26)
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Sociology Ch. 1 Vocabulary
A face-to-face or telephone questioning of a respondent to obtain desired information. |
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24. Latent Function (pg. 15)
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Sociology Ch. 1 Vocabulary
An unconscious or unintended function; hidden purpose. |
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25. Manifest Function (pg. 15)
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Sociology Ch. 1 Vocabulary
An open, stated, and conscious function. |
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26. Natural Science (pg. 4)
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Sociology Ch. 1 Vocabulary
The study of the physical features of nature and the ways in which they interact and change. |
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27. Nonverbal Communication (pg. 18)
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Sociology Ch. 1 Vocabulary
The sending of messages through the use of posture, facial expressions, and gestures. |
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28. Observation (pg. 26)
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Sociology Ch. 1 Vocabulary
A research technique in which an investigator collects information through direct participation in and/or closely watching a group or community under study. |
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29. Operational Definition (pg. 21)
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Sociology Ch. 1 Vocabulary
An explanation of an abstract concept that is specific enough to allow a researcher to assess the concept. |
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30. Qualitative Research (pg. 26)
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Sociology Ch. 1 Vocabulary
Research that relies more on what scientists see in the field or in naturalistic settings than on statistical data. |
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31. Quantitative Research (pg. 26)
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Sociology Ch. 1 Vocabulary
Research that collects and reports data primarily in numerical form. |
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32. Questionnaire (pg. 26)
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Sociology Ch. 1 Vocabulary
A printed or written form used to obtain information from a respondent. |
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33. Random Sample (pg. 22)
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Sociology Ch. 1 Vocabulary
A sample for which every member of the entire population has the same chance of being selected. |
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34. Reliability (pg. 23)
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Sociology Ch. 1 Vocabulary
The extent to which a measure produces consistent results. |
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35. Research Design (pg. 25)
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Sociology Ch. 1 Vocabulary
A detailed plan or method for obtaining data scientifically. |
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36. Sample (pg. 22)
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Sociology Ch. 1 Vocabulary
A selection from a larger population that is statistically representative of that population. |
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37. Science (pg. 4)
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Sociology Ch. 1 Vocabulary
The body of knowledge obtained by methods based on systematic observation. |
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38. Scientific Method (pg. 20)
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Sociology Ch. 1 Vocabulary
A systematic, organized series of steps that ensures maximum objectivity and consistency in researching a problem. |
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39. Secondary Analysis (pg. 28)
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Sociology Ch. 1 Vocabulary
A variety of research techniques that make use of previously collected and publicly accessible information and data. |
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40. Social Science (pg. 4)
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Sociology Ch. 1 Vocabulary
The study of various aspects of human society. |
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41. Sociological Imagination (pg. 3)
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Sociology Ch. 1 Vocabulary
An awareness of the relationship between an individual and the wider society, both today and in the past. |
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42. Sociology (pg. 3)
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Sociology Ch. 1 Vocabulary
The scientific study of social behavior and human groups. |
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43. Survey (pg. 25)
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Sociology Ch. 1 Vocabulary
A study, generally in the form of an interview or questionnaire, that provides researchers with information about how people think and act. |
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44. Theory (pg. 7)
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Sociology Ch. 1 Vocabulary
In sociology, a set of statements that seeks to explain problems, actions, or behavior. |
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45. Validity (pg. 23)
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Sociology Ch. 1 Vocabulary
The degree to which a measure or scale truly reflects the phenomenon under study. |
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46. Variable (pg. 21)
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Sociology Ch. 1 Vocabulary
A measurable trait or characteristic that is subject to change under different conditions. |
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47. Verstehen (pg. 10)
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Sociology Ch. 1 Vocabulary
The German word for "understanding" or "insight"; used by Max Weber to stress the need for sociologists to take into account the subjective meanings people attach to their actions. |
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Chapter 2 – Culture and Socialization (pg. 35 - 70)
Vocabulary (pg. 70) 1. Anticipatory Socialization (pg. 62) |
Sociology Ch. 2 Vocabulary
Processes of socialization in which a person "rehearses" for future positions, occupations, and social relationships. |
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2. Argot (pg. 48)
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Sociology Ch. 2 Vocabulary
Specialized language used by members of a subculture. |
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3. Cognitive Theory of Development (pg. 60)
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Sociology Ch. 2 Vocabulary
Jean Piaget's theory that children's thought progresses through four stages of development. |
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4. Counterculture (pg. 49)
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Sociology Ch. 2 Vocabulary
A subculture that conspicuously and deliberately opposes certain aspects of the larger culture. |
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5. Cultural Relativism (pg. 51)
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Sociology Ch. 2 Vocabulary
The evaluation of people's behavior from the perspective of their own culture. |
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6. Cultural Universal (pg. 38)
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Sociology Ch. 2 Vocabulary
A general practice found in every culture. |
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7. Culture (pg. 36)
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Sociology Ch. 2 Vocabulary
The totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects, and behavior. |
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8. Culture Industry (pg. 37)
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Sociology Ch. 2 Vocabulary
The worldwide media industry that standardizes the goods and services demanded by consumers. |
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9. Culture Lag (pg. 40)
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Sociology Ch. 2 Vocabulary
William F. Ogburn's term for the period of maladjustment when the nonmaterial culture is still struggling to adapt to new material conditions. |
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10. Culture Shock (pg. 50)
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Sociology Ch. 2 Vocabulary
The feeling of surprise and disorientation that people experience when they witness cultural practices different from their own. |
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11. Culture War (pg. 46)
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Sociology Ch. 2 Vocabulary
The polarization of society over controversial cultural elements. |
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12. Degradation Ceremony (pg. 63)
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Sociology Ch. 2 Vocabulary
An aspect of the re-socialization process within total institutions, in which people are subjected to humiliating rituals. |
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13. Diffusion (pg. 39)
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Sociology Ch. 2 Vocabulary
The process by which a cultural item spreads from group to group or society to society. |
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14. Discovery (pg. 38)
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Sociology Ch. 2 Vocabulary
The process of making known or sharing the existence of some aspect of reality. |
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15. Dominant Ideology (pg. 47)
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Sociology Ch. 2 Vocabulary
A set of cultural beliefs and practices that help to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests. |
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16. Dramaturgical Approach (pg. 59)
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Sociology Ch. 2 Vocabulary
A view of social interaction popularized by Erving Goffman that examines people as if they were theatrical performers. |
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17. Ethnocentrism (pg. 51)
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Sociology Ch. 2 Vocabulary
The tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others. |
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18. Folk Way (pg. 43)
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Sociology Ch. 2 Vocabulary
A norm governing everyday social behavior whose violation raises comparatively little concern. |
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19. Formal Norm (pg. 42)
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Sociology Ch. 2 Vocabulary
A norm that generally has been written down and specifies strict punishment of violators. |
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20. Gender Role (pg. 64)
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Sociology Ch. 2 Vocabulary
Expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males or females. |
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21. Generalized Other (pg. 58)
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Sociology Ch. 2 Vocabulary
A term used by George Herbert Mead to refer to the attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole that a child takes into account in his or her behavior. |
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22. Globalization (pg. 39)
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Sociology Ch. 2 Vocabulary
The worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas. |
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23. Impression Management (pg. 59)
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Sociology Ch. 2 Vocabulary
A term used by Erving Goffman to refer to the altering of the presentation of the self in order to create distinctive appearances and satisfy particular audiences. |
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24. Informal Norm (pg. 43)
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Sociology Ch. 2 Vocabulary
A norm that generally is understood but is not precisely recorded. |
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25. Innovation (pg. 38)
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Sociology Ch. 2 Vocabulary
The process of introducing a new idea or object to a culture through discovery or invention. |
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26. Invention (pg. 38)
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Sociology Ch. 2 Vocabulary
The combination of existing cultural items into a form that did not exist before. |
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27. Language (pg. 40)
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Sociology Ch. 2 Vocabulary
An abstract system of word meanings and symbols for all aspects of culture; includes gestures and other nonverbal communication. |
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28. Law (pg. 42)
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Sociology Ch. 2 Vocabulary
Governmental social control. |
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29. Life-Course Approach (pg. 62)
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Sociology Ch. 2 Vocabulary
A research orientation in which sociologists and other social scientists look closely at the social factors that influence people throughout their lives, from birth to death. |
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30. Looking-Glass Shelf (pg. 56)
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Sociology Ch. 2 Vocabulary
A concept used by Charles Horton Cooley to emphasize that the self is the product of our social interactions with other people. |
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31. Material Culture (pg. 40)
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Sociology Ch. 2 Vocabulary
The physical or technological aspects of our daily lives. |
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32. McDonaldization (pg. 39)
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Sociology Ch. 2 Vocabulary
The process through which the principles of the fast-food restaurant have come to dominate certain sectors of society, both in the United States and throughout the world. |
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33. Mores (pg. 43)
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Sociology Ch. 2 Vocabulary
Norms deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society. |
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34. Nonmaterial Culture (pg. 40)
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Sociology Ch. 2 Vocabulary
Customs, beliefs, philosophies, governments, and patterns of communication as well as ways of using material objects. |
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35. Norm (pg. 42)
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Sociology Ch. 2 Vocabulary
An established standard of behavior maintained by a society. |
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36. Personality (pg. 36)
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Sociology Ch. 2 Vocabulary
The individual characteristics, attitudes, needs, and behaviors that set one person apart from another. |
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37. Resocialization (pg. 62)
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Sociology Ch. 2 Vocabulary
The process of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones as part of a transition in one's life. |
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38. Rite of Passage (pg. 62)
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Sociology Ch. 2 Vocabulary
A ritual marking the symbolic transition from one social position to another. |
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39. Role Taking (pg. 57)
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Sociology Ch. 2 Vocabulary
The process of mentally assuming the perspective of another in order to respond from that imagined viewpoint. |
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40. Sanction (pg. 44)
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Sociology Ch. 2 Vocabulary
A penalty or reward for conduct concerning a social norm. |
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41. Self (pg. 56)
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Sociology Ch. 2 Vocabulary
According to George Herbert Mead, a distinct identity that sets one apart from others. |
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42. Significant Other (pg. 59)
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Sociology Ch. 2 Vocabulary
A term used by George Herbert Mead to refer to those individuals who are most important in the development of the self, such as parents, friends, and teachers. |
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43. Socialization (pg. 36)
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Sociology Ch. 2 Vocabulary
The process through which people learn the attitudes, values, and behaviors appropriate for members of a particular culture. |
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44. Society (pg. 37)
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Sociology Ch. 2 Vocabulary
A fairly large number of people who live in the same territory, are relatively independent of people outside it, and participate in a common culture. |
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45. Sociobiology (pg. 55)
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Sociology Ch. 2 Vocabulary
The systematic study of the biological bases of human social behavior. |
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46. Subculture (pg. 48)
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Sociology Ch. 2 Vocabulary
A segment of society that shares a distinctive pattern of mores, folkways, and values that differs from the pattern of the larger society. |
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47. Symbol (pg. 57)
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Sociology Ch. 2 Vocabulary
A gesture, object, or language that forms the basis of human communication. |
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48. Technology (pg. 39)
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Sociology Ch. 2 Vocabulary
Cultural information about how to use the material resources of the environment to satisfy human needs and desires. |
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49. Total Institution (pg. 62)
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Sociology Ch. 2 Vocabulary
A term coined by Erving Goffman to refer to institutions that regulate all aspects of a person's life under a single authority, such as prisons, the military, mental hospitals, and convents. |
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50. Value (pg. 45)
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Sociology Ch. 2 Vocabulary
A collective conception of what is considered good, desirable, and proper—or bad, undesirable, and improper—in a culture. |
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B) The totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects, and behavior.
Culture is defined as the totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects, and behavior. |
Ch. 2 Multiple Choice Quiz (Off Internet)
1. Culture is defined as A) The largest form of human group. B) The totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects, and behavior. C) The established standards of behavior maintained by a society. D) Norms governing everyday behavior. |
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D) Cultural Universals.
People's need for food, shelter, and clothing are examples of what Murdock referred to as cultural universals. |
2. People's need for food, shelter, and clothing are examples of what Murdock referred to as
A) Norms. B) Folkways. C) Cultural Practices. D) Cultural Universals. |
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A) Innovation.
The process of introducing a new idea or object to culture is known as innovation. |
3. The process of introducing a new idea or object to culture is known as
A) Innovation. B) Diffusion. C) Globalization. D) Cultural Relativism. |
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B) Discovery.
The finding of the DNA molecule is an example of a discovery. A discovery involves making known or sharing the existence of an aspect of reality. |
4. The finding of the DNA molecule is an example of a/an
A) Invention. B) Discovery. C) Cultural universal. D) Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. |
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C) Diffusion
Sociologists use the term diffusion to refer to the process by which a cultural item spreads from group to group, or from society to society. |
5. What term do sociologists use to refer to the process by which a cultural item spreads from group to group or society to society?
A) Innovation B) Globalization C) Diffusion D) Cultural Relativism |
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B) Globalization.
Globalization means that more and more cultural expressions and practices are crossing national borders and having an effect on the traditions and customs of the societies exposed to them. The emergence of Starbucks in China represents the globalization of culture. |
6. The emergence of Starbucks in China illustrates a rapidly escalating trend called
A) Innovation. B) Globalization. C) Diffusion. D) Cultural Relativism. |
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A) Cultural Lag
Ogburn introduced the term cultural lag to refer to the period of maladjustment when the nonmaterial culture is still adapting to new material conditions. |
7. What term did William Ogburn introduce to refer to the period of maladjustment when the nonmaterial culture is still adapting to new material conditions?
A) Cultural Lag B) Cultural Relativism C) Ethnocentrism D) Diffusion |
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A) Informal Norms
Standards of proper dress are a common example of informal norms. These norms are generally understood but they are not precisely recorded. |
8. Standards of proper dress are a common example of which one of the following
A) Informal Norms B) Sanctions C) Values D) Formal Norms |
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D) Functionalist Theory
Functionalists maintain that stability requires a consensus and the support of society's members; consequently, there are strong central values and common norms. |
9. Which theoretical perspective maintains that stability requires a consensus and the support of society's members?
A) Conflict Theory B) Interactionist Theory C) Social Control Theory D) Functionalist Theory |
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C) A common culture serves to maintain the privileges of certain groups.
Conflict theorists argue that common culture may exist, but it serves to maintain the privileges of certain groups. Moreover, while protecting their own self-interests, powerful groups may keep others in a subservient position. |
10. Which one of the following statements is true from a conflict perspective?
A) Stability requires a consensus and the support of a society's members. B) Cultural traits all work toward stabilizing society. C) A common culture serves to maintain the privileges of certain groups. D) Practices such as prostitution continue to survive because they contribute to the overall social stability. |
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C) Subculture
Sociologists use the term subculture to refer to a segment of society that shares a distinctive pattern of mores, folkways, and values that differs from the pattern of the larger society. In a sense, a subculture can be thought of as a culture existing within a larger, dominant culture. |
11. What term do sociologists use to refer to a segment of society that shares a distinctive pattern of mores, folkways, and values that differs from the pattern of the larger society?
A) Dominant culture B) Counterculture C) Subculture D) Superculture |
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B) Culture Shock
Anyone who feels disoriented, uncertain, out of place, or even fearful when immersed in an unfamiliar culture may be experiencing culture shock. For example, someone from a strict Islamic culture may be shocked upon first seeing the comparatively provocative dress styles that are common in the United States and various European cultures. |
12. Anyone who feels disoriented, uncertain, out of place, even fearful, when immersed in an unfamiliar culture may be experiencing
A) Culture Lag B) Culture Shock C) Cultural Relativism D) Xenocentrism |
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C) Cultural Relativism
Cultural relativism is the term used when one places a priority on understanding other cultures, rather than dismissing them as "strange" or "exotic." Cultural relativism views people's behavior from the perspective of their own culture. |
13. What is the term used when one places a priority on understanding other cultures, rather than dismissing them as "strange" or "exotic?"
A) Ethnocentrism B) Culture Shock C) Cultural Relativism D) Xenocentrism |
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A) Ethnocentrism
Ethnocentrism is the term coined to refer to the tendency to assume that one's culture and way of life constitute the norm or is superior to all others. |
14. Evaluating the practices of other cultures on the basis of our own perspective is referred to as:
A) Ethnocentrism B) Culture Shock C) Cultural Relativism D) Xenocentrism |
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B) Charles Horton Cooley
In the early 1900s, Charles Horton Cooley used the phase looking-glass self to emphasize that the self is the product of our social interactions with other people. |
15. Which sociologist below used the phrase looking-glass self to emphasize that the self is the product of our social interactions with other people?
A) George Herbert Mead B) Charles Horton Cooley C) Erving Goffman D) Jean Piaget |
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C) The Preparatory Stage
In the preparatory stage, children merely imitate the people around them, especially family members with whom they continually interact. |
16. In which of Mead's stages of the self do children imitate the people around them?
A) The Play Stage B) The Game Stage C) The Preparatory Stage D) The Sensorimotor Stage |
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C) Self
Mead is best known for his theory of self. |
17. Mead is best known for his theory of what?
A) Presentation of Self B) Cognitive Development C) Self D) Impression Management |
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D) An Interactionist Approach
Goffman is a sociologist associated with the interactionist perspective. |
18. Suppose a clerk tries to appear busier than he or she actually is when a supervisor happens to be watching. Goffman would study this behavior from what approach?
A) A Functionalist Approach B) A Conflict Approach C) A Psychological Approach D) An Interactionist Approach |
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C) Resocialization
Resocialization refers to the process of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones as part of a transition in one's life. |
19. Occasionally, assuming new social and occupational positions requires us to unlearn a previous orientation. We refer to this process as what?
A) Anticipatory Socialization B) Socialization C) Resocialization D) The Life Course |
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B) Conflict Perspective
The conflict perspective would argue that schools in this country foster competition through built-in systems of reward and punishment. |
20. Which sociological perspective would argue that schools in this country foster competition through built-in systems of reward and punishment?
A) Functionalist Perspective B) Conflict Perspective C) Interactionist Perspective D) Cognitive Development Perspective |
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C) Erving Goffman
Goffman's view has been termed the dramaturgical approach, not the looking-glass self. |
21. Which person below coined the term total institutions?
A) George Herbert Mead B) Charles Horton Cooley C) Erving Goffman D) Jean Piaget |
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A) The Impact of Isolation
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22. The Hollywood film Nell best illustrates which aspect of socialization?
A) The Impact of Isolation B) The Importance of a Positive Self-Concept C) The Looking-Glass Self D) The Generalized |
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C) Symbols
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23. __________ are the gestures, objects, and language that form the basis of human communication.
A) Roles B) Statuses C) Symbols D) The Looking-Glass |
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A) Role Taking.
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24. In what he called the play stage of socialization, George Herbert Mead asserted that people mentally assume the perspectives of others in order to respond from that imagined viewpoint. This process is referred to as
A) Role Taking. B) The Generalized Other. C) The Significant Other. D) Impression |
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A) A Rite of Passage.
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25. At age 15, Hispanic girls celebrate reaching womanhood with a ceremony called quinceanera. This illustrates?
A) A Rite of Passage. B) The Generalized Other. C) Significant Others. D) Impression. |
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False – Culture consists of all objects and ideas within a society. It is the totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects, and behavior.
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Ch. 2 True or False (Off Internet)
1. In sociological terms, culture refers solely to the fine arts and refined intellectual taste. |
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False – The conflict perspective on culture asserts that norms reinforce patterns of dominance. See Table 2-2.
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2. The functionalist perspective on culture asserts that norms reinforce patterns of dominance.
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True – An invention, one of the forms of innovation, does result when existing cultural items are combined into a form that did not exist before. The bow and arrow, the automobile, and the television are all examples of inventions.
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3. An invention results when existing cultural items are combined into a form that did not exist before.
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False – Material culture refers to the physical or technological aspects of our daily lives, including food items, houses, factories, and raw materials. Governments and patterns of communications are examples of nonmaterial culture.
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4. Governments and patterns of communication are examples of material culture.
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True – Language is an example of a cultural universal although striking differences in the use of language are evident around the world.
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5. Language is an example of a cultural universal.
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False – Folkways, not mores, are norms governing everyday behavior. Folkways play an important role in shaping the daily behavior of members of a culture.
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6. Mores are norms governing every behavior.
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False – Society is less likely to formalize folkways than mores, and their violation raises comparatively little concern.
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7. Society is more likely to formalize folkways than mores.
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True – Sanctions are penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm. Note that the concept of reward is included in this definition.
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8. Sanctions are penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm.
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True – Charles Horton Cooley used the phrase looking-glass self to emphasize that the self is the product of our social interactions with other people. In the early 1900s, Cooley advanced the belief that we learn who we are by interacting with others.
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9. Charles Horton Cooley used the phrase looking-glass self to emphasize that the self is the product of our social interactions with other people.
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False – According to Mead, it is during the preparatory stage that children imitate the people around them, especially family members with whom they continually interact.
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10. According to George Herbert Mead, during the play stage children imitate the people around them, especially family members with whom they continually interact.
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True – George Herbert Mead was among the first to analyze the relationship of symbols to socialization. He noted that as children develop skills in communicating through symbols, they gradually become more aware of social relationships.
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11. George Herbert Mead was among the first to analyze the relationship of symbols to socialization.
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False – Most sociologists agree that the development of self is literally a lifelong transformation that begins in the crib and continues as one prepares for death.
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12. Most sociologists agree that the development of self is completed around age 23.
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False – Resocialization refers to the process of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones as part of a transition in one's life. Anticipatory socialization refers to the process of socialization in which a person "rehearses" for future positions, occupations, and social relationships.
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13. Anticipatory socialization refers to the process of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones as part of a transition in one's life.
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True – The term gender roles refers to expectations regarding proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females. For example, we traditionally think of "toughness" as masculine, and desirable only in men.
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14. The term gender roles refers to expectations regarding proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females.
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True – According to one national study, 68 percent of U. S. children have a television in their bedrooms and nearly half of all youngsters ages 8 - 18 use the Internet everyday.
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15. Research suggests that media innovations are a critical force in the socialization of children in the United States.
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Chapter 4 – Deviance and Social Control (pg. 96 - 122)
Vocabulary (pg. 123) 1. Anomie (pg. 105) |
Sociology Ch. 4 Vocabulary
Émile Durkheim's term for the loss of direction felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective. |
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2. Anomie Theory of Deviance (pg. 106)
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Sociology Ch. 4 Vocabulary
A theory developed by Robert Merton that explains deviance as an adaptation either of socially prescribed goals or of the norms governing their attainment, or both. |
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3. Conformity (pg. 99)
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Sociology Ch. 4 Vocabulary
Going along with peers—individuals of our own status, who have no special right to direct our behavior. |
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4. Crime (pg. 114)
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Sociology Ch. 4 Vocabulary
A violation of criminal law for which some governmental authority applies formal penalties. |
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5. Cultural Transmission (pg. 108)
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Sociology Ch. 4 Vocabulary
A school of criminology that argues that criminal behavior is learned through social interactions. |
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6. Deviance (pg. 102)
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Sociology Ch. 4 Vocabulary
Behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society. |
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7. Differential Association (pg. 108)
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Sociology Ch. 4 Vocabulary
A theory of deviance proposed by Edwin Sutherland that holds that violation of rules results from exposure to attitudes favorable to criminal acts. |
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8. Formal Social Control (pg. 101)
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Sociology Ch. 4 Vocabulary
Control carried out by authorized agents, such as police officers, physicians, school administrators, employers, military officers, and managers of movie theaters. |
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9. Informal Social Control (pg. 101)
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Sociology Ch. 4 Vocabulary
Control that people use casually to enforce norms. |
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10. Labeling Theory (pg. 110)
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Sociology Ch. 4 Vocabulary
A theory that attempts to explain why certain people are viewed as deviants. |
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11. Law (pg. 102)
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Sociology Ch. 4 Vocabulary
Governmental social control. |
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12. Obedience (pg. 99)
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Sociology Ch. 4 Vocabulary
Compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure. |
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13. Organized Crime (pg. 116)
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Sociology Ch. 4 Vocabulary
The work of a group that regulates relations between various criminal enterprises involved in various illegal activities. |
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14. Professional Criminal (pg. 115)
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Sociology Ch. 4 Vocabulary
A person who pursues crime as a day-to-day occupation. |
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15. Sanction (pg. 97)
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Sociology Ch. 4 Vocabulary
A penalty or reward for conduct concerning a social norm. |
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16. Social Control (pg. 97)
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Sociology Ch. 4 Vocabulary
Techniques and strategies for preventing deviant behavior in any society. |
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17. Social Disorganization Theory (pg. 109)
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Sociology Ch. 4 Vocabulary
The theory that increases in crime and deviance can be attributed to the absence or breakdown of communal relationships and social institutions, such as the family, school, church, and local government. |
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18. Societal-Reaction Approach (pg. 110)
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Sociology Ch. 4 Vocabulary
Another name for labeling theory. |
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19. Stigma (pg. 103)
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Sociology Ch. 4 Vocabulary
A label society uses to devalue members of a certain social group. |
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20. Transnational Crime (pg. 118)
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Sociology Ch. 4 Vocabulary
Crime that occurs across multiple national borders. |
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21. Victimization Survey (pg. 120)
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Sociology Ch. 4 Vocabulary
Questioning ordinary people, not police officers, to determine whether they have been victims of crime. |
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22. Victimless Crime (pg. 115)
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Sociology Ch. 4 Vocabulary
The willing exchange among adults of widely desired, but illegal, goods and services. |
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23. White-Collar Crime (pg. 116)
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Sociology Ch. 4 Vocabulary
Illegal acts committed in the course of business activities. |
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A) Functionalist
The functionalist perspective argues that people must respect social norms if any group or society is to survive. In their view, societies literally could not function if massive numbers of peopled defied standards of appropriate conduct. |
Sociology Study Guide for Test #1
Ch. 4 Multiple Choice Quiz (Off Internet) 1. Which sociological perspective argues that people must respect social norms if any group or society is to survive? A) Conflict B) Interactionist C) Functionalist D) Feminist |
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A) Going along with peers.
Milgram defined conformity as going along with peers—individuals of our own status who have no special right to direct our behavior. |
1. Milgram defined conformity as
A) Going along with peers. B) Compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure. C) The techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior in any society. D) Penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm. |
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D) Interactionist
These findings are particularly important from an interactionist perspective, which examines social behavior at the microlevel of analysis. |
3. In Milgram's study, the subjects in the follow-up study were less likely to inflict the supposed shocks as they were moved physically closer to their victims. This finding is particularly important to what sociological perspective?
A) Functionalist B) Feminist C) Conflict D) Interactionist |
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A) The United States
Though the United States has less than five percent of the world's population, it houses almost a quarter of the world's prisoners. |
4. Which country houses almost a quarter of the world's prisoners?
A) The United States B) Russia C) Germany D) England |
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A) Functionalist
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5. Which approach to deviance explains why rule violation continues to exist despite pressure to conform and obey?
A) Functionalist B) Conflict C) Interactionist D) Feminist |
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D) Erving Goffman
Erving Goffman coined the term stigma to describe the labels society uses to devalue members of certain social groups. |
6. Which sociologist coined the term stigma to describe the labels society uses to devalue members of certain social groups?
A) Charles Horton Cooley B) George Herbert Mead C) Émile Durkheim D) Erving Goffman |
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A) Functionalist
The functionalist perspective would argue that deviance is a common part of human existence, with positive (as well as negative) consequences for social stability. |
7. Which sociological perspective would argue that deviance is a common part of human existence, with positive (as well as negative) consequences for social stability?
A) Conflict B) Interactionist C) Functionalist D) Feminist |
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A) Ritualism
The "ritualist" accepts institutionalized means, but rejects societal goals. |
8. In which of Merton's modes of individual adaptation would one accept institutionalized means but reject societal goals?
A) Innovation B) Ritualism C) Retreatism D) Rebellion |
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A) Edwin Sutherland
Edwin Sutherland first advanced the argument that an individual undergoes the same basic socialization process whether learning conforming or deviant acts. |
9. Which sociologist first advanced the argument that an individual undergoes the same basic socialization process whether learning conforming or deviant acts?
A) Robert Merton B) Edwin Sutherland C) Travis Hirschi D) William Chambliss |
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D) Social Disorganization
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10. Which theory contends that increases in crime and deviance can be attributed to the absence or breakdown of communal relationships and social institutions?
A) Differential Association B) Labeling C) Conflict D) Social Disorganization |
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A) Edwin Sutherland
Edwin Sutherland coined the term white-collar crime. |
11. Which sociologist coined the term white-collar crime?
A) Robert Merton B) Erving Goffman C) Edwin Sutherland D) Charles Horton Cooley |
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B) Uniform Crime Reports
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12. The FBI annually publishes the _____, which includes statistics on murder, rape, robbery, assault, burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson.
A) National Crime Victimization Survey B) Uniform Crime Reports C) Self-Report Study D) National Youth Longitudinal Survey |
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D) Social Control.
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13. Society brings about acceptance of basic norms through techniques and strategies for preventing deviant behavior. This process is termed
A) Stigmatization. B) Labeling. C) Law. D) Social Control. |
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A) Jail
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14. Which of the following is NOT an example of informal social control?
A) Jail B) Laughter C) Raising of an Eyebrow D) Ridicule |
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B) Formal Social Control
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15. Police officers, school administrators, employers, and managers of movie theaters are all instruments of
A) Informal Social Control B) Formal Social Control C) The State. D) The Government. |
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B) Behavior that violates the standards of cunduct or expectations of a group or society.
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16. Deviance is
A) Always Criminal Behavior. B) Behavior that violates the standards of cunduct or expectations of a group or society. C) Perverse Behavior. D) Inappropriate behavior that cuts across all cultures and social orders. |
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C) Anomie
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17. Durkheim used which term in referring to loss of direction felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective?
A) Stigma B) Functionalism C) Anomie D) Labeling |
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D) Hostility
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18. Which of the following is NOT one of the basic forms of adaptation specified in Merton's anomie theory of deviance?
A) Conformity B) Innovation C) Ritualism D) Hostility |
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C) Societal-Reaction
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19. Labeling theory is also called the __________ approach.
A) Conflict B) Functionalist C) Societal-Reaction D) Stigmatization |
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B) Conflict
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20. Sociologist Richard Quinney emphasizes that lawmaking is often an attempt by the powerful to coerce others into their own morality. This reflects which perspective?
A) Functionalism B) Conflict C) Interactionism D) Social Control |
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C) The pursuit of crime as a day-to-day occupation, involving skilled techniques and the enjoyment of a certain degree of status among other criminals.
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21. Professional crime refers to
A) The work of a group that regulates relations between various criminal enterprises. B) Illegal acts committed in the course of business activities, often affluent, “respectable” people C) The pursuit of crime as a day-to-day occupation, involving skilled techniques and the enjoyment of a certain degree of status among other criminals. D) The willing exchange among adults of widely desired, but illegal, goods and services. |
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A) Ritualism
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22. Which one of Merton's forms of adaptation to anomie involves the abandonment of cultural goals and compulsive commitment to institutional means?
A) Ritualism B) Rebellion C) Retreatism D) Innovation |
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B) Cultural Transmission
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23. The __________ approach emphasizes that people learn criminal behavior through interactions with others.
A) Control B) Cultural Transmission C) Labeling D) Anomie |
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C) Differential Association
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24. Edwin Sutherland used the term ______ to describe the process through which exposure to attitudes favorable to criminal acts leads to violation of rules.
A) Labeling B) Anomie C) Differential Association D) Stigma |
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D) All of these.
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25. According to the text's discussion, crime
A) Is a violation of criminal law for which some governmental authority applies formal penalties. B) Represents a deviation from formal social norms administered by the state. C) Is divided into various categories by law. D) All of these. |
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True – The challenge of effective social control is that people often receive competing messages about how to behave. While the state or government may clearly define acceptable behavior, friends or fellow employees may encourage quite different behavior patterns.
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Ch. 4 True or False Quiz (Off Internet)
1. The challenge of effective social control is that people often receive competing messages about how to behave. |
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False – Stanley Milgram defined conformity as going along with peers who have no special right to direct our behavior. By contrast, obedience is defined as compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure.
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2. Stanley Milgram defined obedience as going along with peers who have no special right to direct our behavior.
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False – Informal social control is used only casually to enforce norms. Examples of informal social control include laughter, raising an eyebrow, and ridicule. Formal social control is carried out by authorized agents, such as police officers and managers of movie theaters.
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3. Informal social control is carried out by authorized agents, such as managers of movie theaters.
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True – Some norms are so important to a society that they are formalized into laws controlling people's behavior. Therefore, law may be defined as government social control.
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4. Law may be defined as government social control.
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True – Sociologists see the creation of laws as a social process. Laws are created in response to perceived needs for formal social control. Sociologists have sought to explain how and why such perceptions arise.
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5. Sociologists see the creation of laws as a social process.
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True – For sociologists, the term deviance does not mean perversion or depravity. Deviance is behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society.
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6. For sociologists, the term deviance does not mean perversion or depravity.
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False – From a sociological perspective, deviance is not objective or set in stone. Rather, it is subject to social definitions within a particular society at a particular time.
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7. From a sociological perspective, deviance is objective or set in stone.
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False – According to the functionalist perspective, deviance is a common part of human existence, with positive (as well as negative) consequences for social stability. Deviance helps to define the limits of proper behavior.
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8. According to the conflict perspective, deviance is a common part of human existence, with positive (as well as negative) consequences for social stability.
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False – Durkheim introduced the term anomie into sociological literature to describe a loss of direction felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective. Merton adapted Durkheim's notion of anomie to explain why people accept or reject the goals of a society, the socially approved means of fulfilling their aspirations, or both.
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9. Sociologist Robert K. Merton introduced the term anomie into sociological literature to describe a loss of direction felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective.
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True – Edwin Sutherland used the term differential association to describe the process through which exposure to attitudes favorable to criminal acts leads to violation of rules. He maintained that through interactions with a primary group and significant others, people acquire definitions of proper and improper behavior.
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10. Edwin Sutherland used the term differential association to describe the process through which exposure to attitudes favorable to criminal acts leads to violation of rules.
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True – According to social disorganization theory, increases in crime and deviance can be attributed to the absence or breakdown of communal relationships and social institutions.
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11. According to social disorganization theory, increases in crime and deviance can be attributed to the absence or breakdown of communal relationships and social institutions.
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False – The labeling approach does not fully explain why certain people accept a label and others reject it.
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12. The labeling approach fully explains why certain people accept a label and others reject it.
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False – Income tax evasion, stock manipulation, consumer fraud, and bribery are all examples of white-collar crime: illegal acts committed in the course of business activities, often by affluent, "respectable" people.
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13. Income tax evasion, stock manipulation, consumer fraud, and bribery are all examples of organized crime.
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False – In general, victimization surveys question ordinary people, not police officers, to determine whether they have been victims of crime.
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14. In general, victimization surveys question police officers to determine how many people have been victims of crime.
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False – The most serious limitation of official crime statistics is that they include only those crimes reported to law enforcement agencies.
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15. The most serious limitation of official crime statistics is that they include only those crimes solved by law enforcement agencies.
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