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197 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Church |
A type of religious organisation that is well integrated into society, has a large membership, requires little commitment with rituals, rules and a professional clergy. |
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Define denomination |
Sects derived as breakaway groups from the main churches that have developed into bigger denominations, characteristics similar to churches except for no monopoly of truth and a less complex hierarchy. Believe in ecumenicalism. |
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Define sect |
A religious organisation that stands apart from society, small and exclusive membership of people seeking spiritual perfection. Often seen as deviant by society. |
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Define cult |
A movement without a fixed set of beliefs (BRUCE) they emphasise the inner power and mysticism of the individual. Very loose knit and have no hierarchy, seen as deviant by society. |
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Define New Religious Movements |
Religious groups and movements which have emerged mainly since WWII and which have come to prominence in western societies in the late 1960's/70's. |
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Define audience cults |
Involve little face to face contact, many members may not know each other (e.g. contact through mass media) EXAMPLE: Belief in UFO's and aliens. |
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Define client cults |
Well organised, offer services to their followers such as medical miracles or contact with the dead. EXAMPLE: Scientology |
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Define cult movements |
Membership of other faiths is not allowed, mostly shape the persons entire life, try to satisfy all the religious needs of its members. EXAMPLE: Heaven's gate |
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Define revolutionist sect |
God will overturn the world, present order will disappear and chosen people will be powerful. EXAMPLE: Rastafarian |
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Define introvertionist |
God calls us to abandon the world, must cut themselves off from the secular world and follow a spiritual life. EXAMPLE: Amish |
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Define reformist sect |
God calls us to amend the world, the alterations needed to be made are revealed to those open to supernatural influence. EXAMPLE: Quakers |
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Define utopian sect |
God calls us to reconstruct the world, withdraw from secular world and build their own spiritual communitarian society EXAMPLE: the people's temple |
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Define convertionist sect |
God will change us. The members crusade to save souls who are in danger of eternal damnation. EXAMPLE: Jehovah's Witness' |
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Define theodicy of disprivilege |
The belief or promise that salvation will be granted for earthly poverty, a justification. |
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Define marginality |
Being on the fringes or outskirts, in this instance, on the outskirts of society |
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Define world-affirming NRM |
Accept the world as it is, not really critical of other religions, salvation is seen as personal achievement and they offer the chance to unlock spiritual powers present in the individual. |
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Define world-rejecting NRM |
Critical and hostile of the secular world, they seek change but reject society and it's views |
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Define world-accommodating NRM
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Groups that neither accept or reject the world as it is, they just simply live with it. Totally focused on the afterlife.
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Define monopoly of religious truth
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a religion, etc. believing that they hold claim to the absolute 100% religious truth
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Define charismatic leader
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someone that is the main starting and focal point of a sect or cult, someone who speaks about their views and when other people like what they hear they want to follow this person. If the charismatic leader dies, it is usual for the sect or cult to lose members.
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Define total institutions
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an isolated, enclosed social system whose primary purpose is to control most aspects of its participants’ lives
EXAMPLE: world-rejecting NRM |
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Define relative deprivation
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the experience of being deprived of something when they believe they should be entitled. It refers to the discontent people feel when they compare their positions to others and realize that they have less.
EXAMPLE: why does my neighbour have a better car than I do? |
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Define evangelical sect
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Define Adventist sect
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Define disappearance thesis
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Define differentiation thesis
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Define the broad approach (HANSON)
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Define the narrow approach (HANSON)
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Define Disengagement thesis
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Define societalisation
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Define ecumenical movement |
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Define cultural defence
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Define cultural transition
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Define genderblind
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Define Christo-sociology
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Define protestant ethic
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What are the ways in which science has replaced religion as the main ideological influence in society today? |
- dominance of medicine - teaching of evolution in schools - secularisation - evidence is favoured over faith-based knowledge - social policy (new-Darwinism) |
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What are the ways in which science can be seen as a belief system, just like religion? |
- not tolerate of other belief systems - many unproven scientific theories believed without question - social construction as science influenced by existing research |
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What are the ways in which science isn't objective? |
- can interpret results to fit a theory - abused to justify oppressive practices - not all science has been proved - any errors and it is blamed on the experiment and not the theory |
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What are the ways in which science isn't objective? |
- can interpret results to fit a theory - abused to justify oppressive practices - not all science has been proved - any errors and it is blamed on the experiment and not the theory |
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What are the characteristics of science? |
- based on hypothesis - based on logic - gives readable measures - provides factual knowledge - objective and evidence based |
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What are the ways in which science isn't objective? |
- can interpret results to fit a theory - abused to justify oppressive practices - not all science has been proved - any errors and it is blamed on the experiment and not the theory |
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What are the characteristics of science? |
- based on hypothesis - based on logic - gives readable measures - provides factual knowledge - objective and evidence based |
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What are the characteristics of ideology? |
- closed system of thought - beliefs and ideas can change society - guide political action - influences how people are treated - way to see the world from a particular viewpoint |
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What are the contexts of science? (political, social and economic)
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Political - National Curriculum, Bush banning stem cell research (USA) Social - it informs social policy, survival of the fittest (Darwinism) Economic - UK has a huge pharmaceutical industry, industrial and economic progress = ££££ |
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What are the characteristics of Functionalist theory of religion in society?
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- promotes social order - restores normal pattern of life - collective worship, sense of belonging - god represents society - maintains social stability |
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What are the criticisms of the Functionalist perspective of religion?
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- religion can threaten social order - research methods are weak - exaggerates the idea that collective worship shapes behaviour - exaggerates importance of rituals - Ignores dysfunctional aspects of religion |
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What are the characteristics of Marxist theory of religion in society?
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- oppresses the poor - distorts reality (opiate of the people) - justifies and legitimises social order and control - alienation: God is all powerful - part of the superstructure = mind control as it seems the normality which connotes justice |
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What are the criticisms of Marxist perspective of religion?
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- religion can be a positive force for change - purely theoretical research method - religion in non-capitalist societies is ignored - religion sometimes inspires revolution] - poor are aware of their situation most of the time |
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What are the characteristics of Neo-Marxist theory of religion in society?
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- religion has relative autonomy from state (people are in charge of their own religion mostly) - free of political influence - speaks up for the poor - potential to stir revolution - promote social justice |
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What are the criticisms of Neo-Marxist perspective of religion?
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- it is questionable how religious liberation priests actually were - why does religion have power in some countries and not others? |
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What are the characteristics of Feminist theory of religion in society?
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- religion is patriarchal - women need their own religion (De Beauvoir) - women are subordinate in religious organisation - mother goddesses were worshipped but now there is patriarchal construction - religion is used to justify FGM and veiling |
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What are the criticisms of Feminist perspective of religion?
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- ignore negative male experiences - more women are involved nowadays, e.g. women vicars and rabbis - ignores other discrimination (age, race, etc) - ignores positive experiences for women (New Age) - sometimes cultural, not religious oppression |
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What are the characteristics of a conservative force?
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- used to justify social inequality - dulls pain of oppression - supports capitalism - prevents social change and progress - usually oppresses women and gay people |
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What are the characteristics of a force for change? |
- politically radical, doesn't agree with the government - usually on the side of the oppressed |
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What are the characteristics of a force for change? |
- politically radical, doesn't agree with the government - usually on the side of the oppressed |
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What are some examples of religion behaving as a conservative force? |
- pope rejecting contraception and abortion (CATHOLIC) - Amish still living in the 19th century - some women subordinated in Islam - homophobia (west boro baptist) - banning abortion and stem cell research in the USA (New Christian Right - George bush) |
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What are some examples of religion behaving as a force for change? |
- liberation theology, overthrow of government in Nicaragua 1979 - Protestant ethic changed into capitalist one (WEBER) - Iranian revolution - civil rights movement (MLK) - Catholicism supported polish solidarity movement |
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What are some examples of religion behaving as a force for change? |
- liberation theology, overthrow of government in Nicaragua 1979 - Protestant ethic changed into capitalist one (WEBER) - Iranian revolution - civil rights movement (MLK) - Catholicism supported polish solidarity movement |
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What are some ways in which religion provides a collective conscience? |
- 10 C's, ways for living - sharing feast days and rituals such as Christmas - charged by atmosphere of collective worship - shariah law - everyone having the same strict norms and values |
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What are some examples of religion behaving as a force for change? |
- liberation theology, overthrow of government in Nicaragua 1979 - Protestant ethic changed into capitalist one (WEBER) - Iranian revolution - civil rights movement (MLK) - Catholicism supported polish solidarity movement |
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What are some ways in which religion provides a collective conscience? |
- 10 C's, ways for living - sharing feast days and rituals such as Christmas - charged by atmosphere of collective worship - shariah law - everyone having the same strict norms and values |
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What are the characteristics of totemism? (DURKHEIM) |
- symbols of respected animals - differentiated everything as sacred or profane - homo-duplex - symbols represented highest values in society - Native American |
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What are some examples of religion behaving as a force for change? |
- liberation theology, overthrow of government in Nicaragua 1979 - Protestant ethic changed into capitalist one (WEBER) - Iranian revolution - civil rights movement (MLK) - Catholicism supported polish solidarity movement |
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What are some ways in which religion provides a collective conscience? |
- 10 C's, ways for living - sharing feast days and rituals such as Christmas - charged by atmosphere of collective worship - shariah law - everyone having the same strict norms and values |
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What are the characteristics of totemism? (DURKHEIM) |
- symbols of respected animals - differentiated everything as sacred or profane - homo-duplex - symbols represented highest values in society - Native Amwrixan |
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What are the characteristics of anomie? |
- social chaos - no moral compass - civil disobedience - riots and protests - not having shared norms and values |
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What are some examples of religion behaving as a force for change? |
- liberation theology, overthrow of government in Nicaragua 1979 - Protestant ethic changed into capitalist one (WEBER) - Iranian revolution - civil rights movement (MLK) - Catholicism supported polish solidarity movement |
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What are some ways in which religion provides a collective conscience? |
- 10 C's, ways for living - sharing feast days and rituals such as Christmas - charged by atmosphere of collective worship - shariah law - everyone having the same strict norms and values |
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What are the characteristics of totemism? (DURKHEIM) |
- symbols of respected animals - differentiated everything as sacred or profane - homo-duplex - symbols represented highest values in society - Native Amwrixan |
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What are the characteristics of anomie? |
- social chaos - no moral compass - civil disobedience - riots and protests - not having shared norms and values |
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What are the characteristics of civil religion? |
- provides cohesion previously provided by traditional religion - ritual produce feelings of unity - promotes loyalty to queen - patriotism - provides social solidarity in a potentially divided society |
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What are some examples of religion behaving as a force for change? |
- liberation theology, overthrow of government in Nicaragua 1979 - Protestant ethic changed into capitalist one (WEBER) - Iranian revolution - civil rights movement (MLK) - Catholicism supported polish solidarity movement |
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What are some ways in which religion provides a collective conscience? |
- 10 C's, ways for living - sharing feast days and rituals such as Christmas - charged by atmosphere of collective worship - shariah law - everyone having the same strict norms and values |
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What are the characteristics of totemism? (DURKHEIM) |
- symbols of respected animals - differentiated everything as sacred or profane - homo-duplex - symbols represented highest values in society - Native Amwrixan |
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What are the characteristics of anomie? |
- social chaos - no moral compass - civil disobedience - riots and protests - not having shared norms and values |
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What are the characteristics of civil religion? |
- provides cohesion previously provided by traditional religion - ritual produce feelings of unity - promotes loyalty to queen - patriotism - provides social solidarity in a potentially divided society |
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What are that ways in which religion behaves as an ideology? |
- usually has a figurehead - socially constructed belief system - influences people's lives - divides the world into good and bad - unproven laws have to be abided by |
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What are some examples of religion behaving as a force for change? |
- liberation theology, overthrow of government in Nicaragua 1979 - Protestant ethic changed into capitalist one (WEBER) - Iranian revolution - civil rights movement (MLK) - Catholicism supported polish solidarity movement |
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What are some ways in which religion provides a collective conscience? |
- 10 C's, ways for living - sharing feast days and rituals such as Christmas - charged by atmosphere of collective worship - shariah law - everyone having the same strict norms and values |
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What are the characteristics of totemism? (DURKHEIM) |
- symbols of respected animals - differentiated everything as sacred or profane - homo-duplex - symbols represented highest values in society - Native Amwrixan |
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What are the characteristics of anomie? |
- social chaos - no moral compass - civil disobedience - riots and protests - not having shared norms and values |
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What are the characteristics of civil religion? |
- provides cohesion previously provided by traditional religion - ritual produce feelings of unity - promotes loyalty to queen - patriotism - provides social solidarity in a potentially divided society |
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What are that ways in which religion behaves as an ideology? |
- usually has a figurehead - socially constructed belief system - influences people's lives - divides the world into good and bad - unproven laws have to be abided by |
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What are the ways in which religion legitimises social inequality and disguises exploitation? |
- gives life decisions up to an all powerful God - "women must be subject to their husbands" - idea of heaven, hell and sin, and how people deserve their mistreatment - false class consciousness, eye of needle bible passage |
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What are some examples of religion behaving as a force for change? |
- liberation theology, overthrow of government in Nicaragua 1979 - Protestant ethic changed into capitalist one (WEBER) - Iranian revolution - civil rights movement (MLK) - Catholicism supported polish solidarity movement |
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What are some ways in which religion provides a collective conscience? |
- 10 C's, ways for living - sharing feast days and rituals such as Christmas - charged by atmosphere of collective worship - shariah law - everyone having the same strict norms and values |
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What are the characteristics of totemism? (DURKHEIM) |
- symbols of respected animals - differentiated everything as sacred or profane - homo-duplex - symbols represented highest values in society - Native Amwrixan |
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What are the characteristics of anomie? |
- social chaos - no moral compass - civil disobedience - riots and protests - not having shared norms and values |
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What are the characteristics of civil religion? |
- provides cohesion previously provided by traditional religion - ritual produce feelings of unity - promotes loyalty to queen - patriotism - provides social solidarity in a potentially divided society |
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What are that ways in which religion behaves as an ideology? |
- usually has a figurehead - socially constructed belief system - influences people's lives - divides the world into good and bad - unproven laws have to be abided by |
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What are the ways in which religion legitimises social inequality and disguises exploitation? |
- gives life decisions up to an all powerful God - "women must be subject to their husbands" - idea of heaven, hell and sin, and how people deserve their mistreatment - false class consciousness, eye of needle bible passage |
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What are the ways in which religion provides a theodicy of dis-privilege? |
WEBER - distorts reality, false.c.c - mechanism of social control - biblical justifications - eye of needle passage - poverty treated as a virtue - doctrinal justifications (rich man, castle, poor man, gate - God did it) |
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What are some examples of religion behaving as a force for change? |
- liberation theology, overthrow of government in Nicaragua 1979 - Protestant ethic changed into capitalist one (WEBER) - Iranian revolution - civil rights movement (MLK) - Catholicism supported polish solidarity movement |
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What are some ways in which religion provides a collective conscience? |
- 10 C's, ways for living - sharing feast days and rituals such as Christmas - charged by atmosphere of collective worship - shariah law - everyone having the same strict norms and values |
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What are the characteristics of totemism? (DURKHEIM) |
- symbols of respected animals - differentiated everything as sacred or profane - homo-duplex - symbols represented highest values in society - Native Amwrixan |
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What are the characteristics of anomie? |
- social chaos - no moral compass - civil disobedience - riots and protests - not having shared norms and values |
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What are the characteristics of civil religion? |
- provides cohesion previously provided by traditional religion - ritual produce feelings of unity - promotes loyalty to queen - patriotism - provides social solidarity in a potentially divided society |
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What are that ways in which religion behaves as an ideology? |
- usually has a figurehead - socially constructed belief system - influences people's lives - divides the world into good and bad - unproven laws have to be abided by |
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What are the ways in which religion legitimises social inequality and disguises exploitation? |
- gives life decisions up to an all powerful God - "women must be subject to their husbands" - idea of heaven, hell and sin, and how people deserve their mistreatment - false class consciousness, eye of needle bible passage |
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What are the ways in which religion provides a theodicy of dis-privilege? |
WEBER - distorts reality, false.c.c - mechanism of social control - biblical justifications - eye of needle passage - poverty treated as a virtue - doctrinal justifications (rich man, castle, poor man, gate - God did it) |
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What are the characteristics of the Protestant ethic? |
- asterism, denied all luxury and pleasure - saved all the money they didn't spend - the elect, predestined to go to heaven - this created a psychological problem as everyone worked hard so they could act that they were part of this elect - core values for capitalism |
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What are some examples of religion behaving as a force for change? |
- liberation theology, overthrow of government in Nicaragua 1979 - Protestant ethic changed into capitalist one (WEBER) - Iranian revolution - civil rights movement (MLK) - Catholicism supported polish solidarity movement |
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What are some ways in which religion provides a collective conscience? |
- 10 C's, ways for living - sharing feast days and rituals such as Christmas - charged by atmosphere of collective worship - shariah law - everyone having the same strict norms and values |
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What are the characteristics of totemism? (DURKHEIM) |
- symbols of respected animals - differentiated everything as sacred or profane - homo-duplex - symbols represented highest values in society - Native Amwrixan |
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What are the characteristics of anomie? |
- social chaos - no moral compass - civil disobedience - riots and protests - not having shared norms and values |
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What are the characteristics of civil religion? |
- provides cohesion previously provided by traditional religion - ritual produce feelings of unity - promotes loyalty to queen - patriotism - provides social solidarity in a potentially divided society |
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What are that ways in which religion behaves as an ideology? |
- usually has a figurehead - socially constructed belief system - influences people's lives - divides the world into good and bad - unproven laws have to be abided by |
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What are the ways in which religion legitimises social inequality and disguises exploitation? |
- gives life decisions up to an all powerful God - "women must be subject to their husbands" - idea of heaven, hell and sin, and how people deserve their mistreatment - false class consciousness, eye of needle bible passage |
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What are the ways in which religion provides a theodicy of dis-privilege? |
WEBER - distorts reality, false.c.c - mechanism of social control - biblical justifications - eye of needle passage - poverty treated as a virtue - doctrinal justifications (rich man, castle, poor man, gate - God did it) |
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What are the characteristics of the Protestant ethic? |
- asterism, denied all luxury and pleasure - saved all the money they didn't spend - the elect, predestined to go to heaven - this created a psychological problem as everyone worked hard so they could act that they were part of this elect - core values for capitalism |
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What are the criticisms of Weber's Protestant ethic and spirit of capitalism? |
- Calvinist Protestants were rejected from society and had to make a living somehow - basic capitalism developed before Protestantism |
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What are some examples of religion behaving as a force for change? |
- liberation theology, overthrow of government in Nicaragua 1979 - Protestant ethic changed into capitalist one (WEBER) - Iranian revolution - civil rights movement (MLK) - Catholicism supported polish solidarity movement |
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What are the characteristics of liberation theology? |
- usually in South America - preaches that the poo must challenge their oppressors - very political - focuses more on politics than religion - Jesus is a freedom fighter |
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What are some ways in which religion provides a collective conscience? |
- 10 C's, ways for living - sharing feast days and rituals such as Christmas - charged by atmosphere of collective worship - shariah law - everyone having the same strict norms and values |
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What are the characteristics of totemism? (DURKHEIM) |
- symbols of respected animals - differentiated everything as sacred or profane - homo-duplex - symbols represented highest values in society - Native Amwrixan |
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What are the characteristics of anomie? |
- social chaos - no moral compass - civil disobedience - riots and protests - not having shared norms and values |
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What are the characteristics of civil religion? |
- provides cohesion previously provided by traditional religion - ritual produce feelings of unity - promotes loyalty to queen - patriotism - provides social solidarity in a potentially divided society |
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|
What are that ways in which religion behaves as an ideology? |
- usually has a figurehead - socially constructed belief system - influences people's lives - divides the world into good and bad - unproven laws have to be abided by |
|
|
What are the ways in which religion legitimises social inequality and disguises exploitation? |
- gives life decisions up to an all powerful God - "women must be subject to their husbands" - idea of heaven, hell and sin, and how people deserve their mistreatment - false class consciousness, eye of needle bible passage |
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What are the ways in which religion provides a theodicy of dis-privilege? |
WEBER - distorts reality, false.c.c - mechanism of social control - biblical justifications - eye of needle passage - poverty treated as a virtue - doctrinal justifications (rich man, castle, poor man, gate - God did it) |
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What are the characteristics of the Protestant ethic? |
- asterism, denied all luxury and pleasure - saved all the money they didn't spend - the elect, predestined to go to heaven - this created a psychological problem as everyone worked hard so they could act that they were part of this elect - core values for capitalism |
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What are the criticisms of Weber's Protestant ethic and spirit of capitalism? |
- Calvinist Protestants were rejected from society and had to make a living somehow - basic capitalism developed before Protestantism |
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What are some examples of religion behaving as a force for change? |
- liberation theology, overthrow of government in Nicaragua 1979 - Protestant ethic changed into capitalist one (WEBER) - Iranian revolution - civil rights movement (MLK) - Catholicism supported polish solidarity movement |
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What are the characteristics of liberation theology? |
- usually in South America - preaches that the poo must challenge their oppressors - very political - focuses more on politics than religion - Jesus is a freedom fighter |
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What are the ways in which religion is patriarchal? |
- monotheism, one superior male God - religious texts written by and for men - women are deceived by religion (DE BEAUVOIR) - misinterpretation of religious beliefs for patriarchal ends (EL SADAAWI) |
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What are some ways in which religion provides a collective conscience? |
- 10 C's, ways for living - sharing feast days and rituals such as Christmas - charged by atmosphere of collective worship - shariah law - everyone having the same strict norms and values |
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|
What are the characteristics of totemism? (DURKHEIM) |
- symbols of respected animals - differentiated everything as sacred or profane - homo-duplex - symbols represented highest values in society - Native Amwrixan |
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|
What are the characteristics of anomie? |
- social chaos - no moral compass - civil disobedience - riots and protests - not having shared norms and values |
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What are the characteristics of civil religion? |
- provides cohesion previously provided by traditional religion - ritual produce feelings of unity - promotes loyalty to queen - patriotism - provides social solidarity in a potentially divided society |
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|
What are that ways in which religion behaves as an ideology? |
- usually has a figurehead - socially constructed belief system - influences people's lives - divides the world into good and bad - unproven laws have to be abided by |
|
|
What are the ways in which religion legitimises social inequality and disguises exploitation? |
- gives life decisions up to an all powerful God - "women must be subject to their husbands" - idea of heaven, hell and sin, and how people deserve their mistreatment - false class consciousness, eye of needle bible passage |
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|
What are the ways in which religion provides a theodicy of dis-privilege? |
WEBER - distorts reality, false.c.c - mechanism of social control - biblical justifications - eye of needle passage - poverty treated as a virtue - doctrinal justifications (rich man, castle, poor man, gate - God did it) |
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What are the characteristics of the Protestant ethic? |
- asterism, denied all luxury and pleasure - saved all the money they didn't spend - the elect, predestined to go to heaven - this created a psychological problem as everyone worked hard so they could act that they were part of this elect - core values for capitalism |
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What are the criticisms of Weber's Protestant ethic and spirit of capitalism? |
- Calvinist Protestants were rejected from society and had to make a living somehow - basic capitalism developed before Protestantism |
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What are the characteristics of liberation theology? |
- South America usually - very political - focuses more on politics than religion - preaches that the poor must challenge their oppressors - Jesus is a freedom fighter |
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What are the ways in which religion is patriarchal? |
- monotheism, one superior male God - women are deceived by religion (DE BEAUVOIR) - religious texts written by and for men - misinterpretation of religious beliefs for patriarchal ends (EL SADAAWI) |
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What are the characteristics of fundamentalism? |
- very conservative - takes holy books and scripture literally - religion dictates every aspect of life - usually oppressive towards women and gay people - usually practiced in non-western societies |
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What are the characteristics of fundamentalism? |
- very conservative - takes holy books and scripture literally - religion dictates every aspect of life - usually oppressive towards women and gay people - usually practiced in non-western societies |
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What are the characteristics of churches? |
- large religious organisations with paid hierarchy - members baptised into it - really old - conservative ideas - mostly middle to upper class people |
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What are the characteristics of fundamentalism? |
- very conservative - takes holy books and scripture literally - religion dictates every aspect of life - usually oppressive towards women and gay people - usually practiced in non-western societies |
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What are the characteristics of churches? |
- large religious organisations with paid hierarchy - members baptised into it - really old - conservative ideas - mostly middle to upper class people |
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What are the characteristics of denominations? |
- smaller than churches, but still quite large - fewer paid officials - working class worship - e.g. Methodism, Baptist, etc.
ALL ON THAT GRID |
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What are the characteristics of fundamentalism? |
- very conservative - takes holy books and scripture literally - religion dictates every aspect of life - usually oppressive towards women and gay people - usually practiced in non-western societies |
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What are the characteristics of churches? |
- large religious organisations with paid hierarchy - members baptised into it - really old - conservative ideas - mostly middle to upper class people
ALL ON THAT GRID |
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What are the characteristics of denominations? |
- smaller than churches, but still quite large - fewer paid officials - working class worship - e.g. Methodism, Baptist, etc.
ALL ON THAT GRID |
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What are the characteristics of sects? |
- unconventional worship - not close to the state and government - relatively young - small membership - not really bureaucratic
ALL ON THAT GRID |
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What are characteristics of cults? |
- usually die out - very young - seen as deviant by society - bizarre beliefs and worship - usually a charismatic leader
ALL ON THAT GRID |
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What are the characteristics of NRM's? |
- appeal during rapid social change - attract those who are marginalised and deprived - W.rejecting: for people disillusioned with society - W.accommodating: more spiritual, for those dissatisfied with traditional religion
ALL ON THAT GRID |
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What are examples of World Rejecting NRM's? |
- West Boro Baptist Church - The Amish - Heaven's Gate Cult - People's Temple (Jim Jones) |
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What are examples of World Accommodating NRM's? |
- Divine Light Mission - Jehovah's Witnesses - Neo-Pentecostalism |
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What are examples of World Accommodating NRM's? |
- Divine Light Mission - Jehovah's Witnesses - Neo-Pentecostalism |
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What are examples of World Affirming NRM's? |
- Feng Shui - Yoga - Reiki - Meditation - Scientology |
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What are the characteristics of New Age Movements? |
- no authoritative God figure - sphere of consumption - no collective worship - mix of ancient eastern religious (Buddhism) and modern western psychotherapy - postmodern, choice and diversity - appeals to middle class women most (dealing with triple shift?) |
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What are the characteristics of New Age Movements? |
- no authoritative God figure - sphere of consumption - no collective worship - mix of ancient eastern religious (Buddhism) and modern western psychotherapy - postmodern, choice and diversity - appeals to middle class women most (dealing with triple shift?) |
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What are the ways in which New Age is postmodern? |
- diversity and choice - accept beliefs of loads of others, rejects meta-narratives - sphere of consumption, not congregational domain - detraditionisation, rejects established religions - dedifferentiation, breakdown distinction between beliefs and popular culture |
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What are the characteristics of New Age Movements? |
- no authoritative God figure - sphere of consumption - no collective worship - mix of ancient eastern religious (Buddhism) and modern western psychotherapy - postmodern, choice and diversity - appeals to middle class women most (dealing with triple shift?) |
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What are the ways in which New Age is postmodern? |
- diversity and choice - accept beliefs of loads of others, rejects meta-narratives - sphere of consumption, not congregational domain - detraditionisation, rejects established religions - dedifferentiation, breakdown distinction between beliefs and popular culture |
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What are the ways in which the New Age is not postmodern? |
- believes in the divine - has a strong meta-narrative - not actually new because based on ancient eastern religions - claims to be able to reveal absolute truths - claims to provide people with the basis for planning their lives |
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Why are sects and cults relatively short? |
- some practice mass suicide - cults seen to many people as deviant so don't want to be involved - cults have vague doctrine so people lose faith - many can't cope with having to withdraw from normal life (in some cases) - can be excluded from sect if people fail to show full commitment |
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Why are sects and cults relatively short? |
- some practice mass suicide - cults seen to many people as deviant so don't want to be involved - cults have vague doctrine so people lose faith - many can't cope with having to withdraw from normal life (in some cases) - can be excluded from sect if people fail to show full commitment |
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Why do people join NRM's and NAM's? |
- based on consumption of goods - moving towards the postmodern world, where congregational domain becomes ICT based - appeal to university educated and expressive jobs (e.g social workers, teachers) - based on self knowledge and this is what the enlightenment believes - helps us deal with greater stress of modern life |
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Why are sects and cults relatively short? |
- some practice mass suicide - cults seen to many people as deviant so don't want to be involved - cults have vague doctrine so people lose faith - many can't cope with having to withdraw from normal life (in some cases) - can be excluded from sect if people fail to show full commitment |
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Why do people join NRM's and NAM's? |
- based on consumption of goods - moving towards the postmodern world, where congregational domain becomes ICT based - appeal to university educated and expressive jobs (e.g social workers, teachers) - based on self knowledge and this is what the enlightenment believes - helps us deal with greater stress of modern life |
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Why do women have greater religiosity? |
- women tend to be more conforming - bringing children into faith - women have more time to practice religion - seek unity and support in collective worship - religion and spiritual beliefs are linked to caring and giving birth |
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Why do men have less religiosity? |
- have less time because of work - aren't in charge of childcare - doesn't appeal to make values - may find expressiveness of worship difficult - less likely to be told what to do by religion (socially powerful) |
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What the approaches of religion to sexuality?
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- women feared as sexual corruptors of men - FGM, curtailing female sexuality - Virgin Mary is impossible ideal for women - celibacy is celebrated (sometimes leads to sexual abuse, Catholic scandal) - few early symbols of male gods but many of feminine and mother godesses |
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How is gender depicted in images of religion?
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- Virgin Mary (wholesome, perfect woman) - Mary Magdalene (prostitute) - Eve (born of a man) - Lillith (temptress) - Men depicted as powerful and authoritative |
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What are the reasons for the greater religiosity of minority ethnic people in the UK?
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- cultural defence (comfort in hostility) - sense of community - cultural transition (cope with migration, missing home) - sense of belonging - connections for marriage, customs and food |
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What are the reasons for greater religiosity of older people in the UK?
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- closer to death, resolving their lives - period effect, grew up in a more religious society - patriotism and civil religion, have lived through WW2 - parents have too busy lives to socialise current children into religion |
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Why do middle class people gravitate more towards churches?
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- patriarchal - justifies wealth and social inequality - conservative and right-wing - high culture, complex lang and music |
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Why do working class people gravitate towards denominations and sects?
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- the idea of eternal life gives consolation for difficult lives - less demanding so the working class have time to work - suffering is seen as a virtue - collective worship with others, working class solidarity - not as high culture, hymns and readings are easier to understand |
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Characteristics of globalisation. |
- ICT and communication technology allow spread of religious ideas - the world has become 'smaller' - integration of different culture, people and religions - share economies, markets and ideas (capitalism) - people have access to far-away religions via the Internet and can form virtual communities |
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Characteristics of fundamentalism |
- takes holy scriptures/books literally - very conservative - religion dictates every aspect of life - usually oppressive towards women/gays - usually practices in non-western societies |
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Characteristics of postmodern theories of religion |
-Religion is coming to the people now, people don't go to churches - people can choose their religion - spiritual shopping - religion is about consumption - no central authority figure anymore, rely on oneself for spiritual guidance |
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Define malestream |
. |
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Features and examples of meta narratives |
- a dominant doctrine which believes all its beliefs are the absolute truth - science is a metanarrative, nothing else should be believed - ideology - communism, capitalism, neo-darwinism, patriarchy, feminism - affect how people interact and are treated - religion - Islam, Christianity and Judaism; very solid, inflexible truths |
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Characteristics of spiritual shopping |
- enter and leave a religion at will - loads of religious movements to choose from - used to construct an identity - spirit and destiny! Loads of different practitioners - patterns of consumption: buy dream catchers and Reiki CD's and dream catchers to participate |
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Characteristics of spiritual shopping |
- enter and leave a religion at will - loads of religious movements to choose from - used to construct an identity - spirit and destiny! Loads of different practitioners - patterns of consumption: buy dream catchers and Reiki CD's and dream catchers to participate |
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Characteristics of secularisation? |
- decline in church attendance - religion losing influence over society and individuals - decline in importance of religion at State level - fewer church marriages and other sacraments - more divorce/ shopping on Sunday's |
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Problems with defining secularisation |
- can't accurately measure church attendance, registers aren't taken - how can we know how religious older societies were - churches may have been used for social, not religious purposes in Victorian England - plenty still believe, they just don't attend - ethnocentric, ignores ethnic religions in modern UK |
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Problems with defining secularisation |
- can't accurately measure church attendance, registers aren't taken - how can we know how religious older societies were - churches may have been used for social, not religious purposes in Victorian England - plenty still believe, they just don't attend - ethnocentric, ignores ethnic religions in modern UK |
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Features of disengagement |
- churches closing due to decline in attendance - separation between religion and politics - secularisation, decline in religion - laws are no longer based of religion - Sunday trading shows how religion has disengaged with public life |
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Problems with defining secularisation |
- can't accurately measure church attendance, registers aren't taken - how can we know how religious older societies were - churches may have been used for social, not religious purposes in Victorian England - plenty still believe, they just don't attend - ethnocentric, ignores ethnic religions in modern UK |
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Features of disengagement |
- churches closing due to decline in attendance - separation between religion and politics - secularisation, decline in religion - laws are no longer based of religion - Sunday trading shows how religion has disengaged with public life |
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Features of rationalisation |
- based on logic - rejects supernaturalism - attempted to override people's emotions - is behind capitalism |
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Reasons for greater pluralism and diversity in religion |
- globalisation, people going abroad and getting ideas - globalisation, Internet creating religious communities - immigration, more minority ethnic religions - collapse of religious metanarratives, secularisation - civil rights mean greater diversity of religions to appeal to women, gays, etc. |
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Features of desacralisation |
- comedy and satire about religion - Sunday is no longer a day of rest (trading on Sunday's) - churches turning into bars and clubs - wearing rosary beads as fashion accessories - mocked up pictures of holy people and open criticism online, etc. |
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Features of desacralisation |
- comedy and satire about religion - Sunday is no longer a day of rest (trading on Sunday's) - churches turning into bars and clubs - wearing rosary beads as fashion accessories - mocked up pictures of holy people and open criticism online, etc. |
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Features of disenchantment |
- more people marrying in civil ceremonies - fewer people attending church - fewer people stating a belief in God - fewer people having their children baptised |
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Features of individuation |
- self absorption - doing what is comfortable - living life by your rules - choosing which doctrine you wish to follow |
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Features of individuation |
- self absorption - doing what is comfortable - living life by your rules - choosing which doctrine you wish to follow |
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Evidence to support the secularisation thesis |
- attendance statistics and census data - more church buildings up for sale to be converted - social solidarity provided more by the medal and by education - more governments disengaging with religion - fewer people entering into laity (priesthood) |
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Features of individuation |
- self absorption - doing what is comfortable - living life by your rules - choosing which doctrine you wish to follow |
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Evidence to support the secularisation thesis |
- attendance statistics and census data - more church buildings up for sale to be converted - social solidarity provided more by the medal and by education - more governments disengaging with religion - fewer people entering into laity (priesthood) |
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Evidence to reject the secularisation thesis |
- spiritual revolution, hebden bridge, spirit and mind fairs - minority ethnic groups in UK more religious - big rise in NRM's - more people involved and open about New Age - fundamentalism in the rise since 9/11 |
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Ways religiosity in the U.K. differs from the rest of the world |
- less fundamentalism - laws in UK less about religion but are key in Afghanistan and USA - more new age and NRM's in UK - less involved with the state - people drift away from the religion they were born into |
