Sociology Of The Family Exam 1

Front 1

Conservative traditional “marriage movement"

Back 1

Want to keep traditional family structure, and sees marriage as a way of solving problems

Front 2

Liberal “Diversity defenders”

Back 2

Focus on personal rewards of family life for adults, and think society should adjust to new family forms

Front 3

Reasons contributing to the later age of current first marriages- 4

Back 3

-Increasing investment by young women in labor market
-Decline in young men’s earning power
-Greater acceptance of premarital sex
-Increase in cohabitation

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Public family

Back 4

One adult or two adults who are related by marriage, partnership, or shared parenthood who is/are taking care of dependents, and the dependents themselves

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private family

Back 5

Two or more individuals who maintain an intimate relationship that they expect will last indefinitely , and who live in the same household and pool their income and household labor.
Provides intimacy, emotional support, and love

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Functionalist theory and criticisms

Back 6

Concentrates on the family as an institution with members performing certain functions for society

criticism:Maintains gender inequalities. Justifies and validates status quo

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Conflict Perspective

Back 7

-Concentrates on inequality and power
-Male dominance—physical force and control of economic resources
-Adults over children and adolescents

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Exchange Perspective

Back 8

Economic approach to explaining social relationships:
-Women exchange performance of household and childcare services in return for benefit of men’s income
-Men perform outside labor in exchange for household and childcare services performed by women

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Symbolic Interaction Perspective

Back 9

Within the family we interpret symbols, learn norms, and develop identity and self concept

Front 10

Feminist theory

Back 10

Gender defines social roles and cultural characteristics.
Experience of living in a family is different for women than it is for men

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Modernity Perspective

Back 11

In the late modern era -- mid-to-late 20th century -- individuals must make choices about nearly all aspects of their lives, including:
whether or not to get married, have children; not necessarily both
before, it was a natural part of life

Front 12

Evolutionary Psychology

Back 12

Institution of family and differing roles of men and women have both social and biological origins

Front 13

Origins of family relationships – public family perspective (2)

Back 13

-family provided structure that held the society together
-provision of food and shelter, protection from wild animals and other hostile groups

Front 14

Na in China

Back 14

-Marriage was not the basis for family
-There was no role for fathers or husbands

Front 15

Native Americans tribal patterns pre 1776 (3)

Back 15

-Extended family units based on lineages
-Tribes, both matrilineal and patrilineal
-Marriage served purpose of establishing alliances with a families of other lineages

Front 16

Forms of polygamy (polyandry and polygyny)

Back 16

more than one spouse, more than one husband, more than one wife

Front 17

American Family Before 1776:European Colonists
3

Back 17

-Conjugal family units performed many public services
-Children—economic assets
-No room for privacy or private lives

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The Emergence of the “Modern” American Family: 1776 to 1900 of White Middle Class
3

Back 18

-Change to labor market mode of production
-World of work governed by “work ethic”
-Home considered place where a woman would renew husband’s character and spirituality

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"Modern family" working class
3

Back 19

-Economic contributions of both husband and wife plus children were needed to survive
-Wives worked inside of home doing laundry, or took in boarders
-Husband decided how the money was spent

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"modern family" african american, mexican american, asian american

Back 20

-Impact of slavery especially strong on families, but still family ties were forged
-Mexican, Many forced into barrios, economic hardships on family life
- Asian, Fathers had authority over family, patrilineal. Children expected to live with and take care of elderly

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Early 1900s – 1920s family
2

Back 21

-Increasing economic independence of women
-Shift in marriage from institution and economic partnership to companionship and emotional satisfaction

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Depression generation (1929-1939) family
3

Back 22

-Economic downturn undermined prestige/authority of the father
-Faster transition to adulthood
-though marriage postponed, marriage and the family became more highly valued

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1950s: Breadwinner-homemaker family

Back 23

-Married at younger ages and had more children than any other 20th-century generation
-High point of breadwinner/homemaker family

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1960s – 1970s families
2

Back 24

-Married on average 4-5 years later than before
-Higher rate of married women working outside the home

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current trends- lengthening of early adulthood
4

Back 25

-increased education
-later marriage
-later independent household
-later childbearing

Front 26

Sex vs. Gender

Back 26

Biological characteristics vs. Social and cultural characteristics

Front 27

social learning theory of gender

Back 27

Girls and boys are treated differently and different things are reinforced
-Children rewarded for appropriate gender behavior; punished for inappropriate
-gender socialization of boys to be aggressive, competitive
-girls to be nurturing and cooperative

Front 28

Berdache

Back 28

-Native Americans that behaved like the opposite sex
-1. developed characteristics as children (showing androgynous nature)
2. experienced spiritual visions during adolescence
-could marry person of same sex

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The sex-gender system

Back 29

-Society’s emphasis of biological differences as the basis for social order supporting male domination

Front 30

Statistical discrimination

Back 30

Women less likely to be hired because employers are worried they will take time off to raise children

Front 31

Comparable-worth discrimination

Back 31

Men and women doing different jobs of equivalent value for same company, but women paid less

Front 32

What is the economic restructuring?
4

Back 32

-Shift from a manufacturing to a service economic base
-Workers replaced with machines
-Loss of skilled and semi-skilled jobs to developing countries
-Low paying service and unskilled manual labor jobs for those without college education

Front 33

unequal distribution of income

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Wage gap between more-educated and less-educated has widened

Front 34

nonstandard employment
4

Back 34

Contingency workers, no job security and benefits
Stagnating wages, entry-level jobs hard hit

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what defines social class

Back 35

An ordering of all persons in society by degrees of economic resources, prestige, and privilege

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Status Group

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A group of people that share a common lifestyle and identify with each other

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Prestige

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Honor and status in society

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Privilege

Back 38

Advantage or benefits enjoyed

Front 39

Life chances

Back 39

resources and opportunities that people have to provide themselves with goods and favorable living conditions

Front 40

Assortative marriage

Back 40

tendency to marry someone similar to yourself, from similar educational background

Front 41

Kinship patterns in chronic poverty
2

Back 41

-Most living in chronic poverty and kin networks are women-centered network
-Greater compression of generations

Front 42

Concerted cultivation vs. natural growth

Back 42

-middle class emphasized actively enhancing children’s talents, skills, and opinions through multiplicity of formal activities
-working class emphasize providing a safe environment, letting children grow on their own

Front 43

how do Job experiences affect childrearing values

Back 43

What is emphasized on the job is emphasized to the children of that class

Front 44

Patterns of divorce- social class

Back 44

Risk substantially lower for college-educated
Rose fastest for those without high school diploma

Front 45

Childbearing Patterns- social class

Back 45

Ways of fitting childbearing into the life course, vary according to status group, with least and most educated groups tend to follow different strategies for ensuring that they will have children

Front 46

Racial-ethnic group

Back 46

people who share a common identity, and whose members think of themselves as distinct from others by virtue of ancestry, culture, and sometimes physical characteristics

Front 47

Importance of social class for African Americans
2

Back 47

-African American middle-class families expanded greatly since 1960s
-Low skilled jobs decreased for African-American males

Front 48

Problems for African American women in working/lower class

Back 48

The marriage prospects of African-American females in impoverished areas decreased

Front 49

African Americans: Difference between “father” and “daddy”

Back 49

Biological parent vs. who actual raises the children

Front 50

Transnational families
2

Back 50

-Increase in immigrants to US, divides families, send home money
-Maintain contact between members in receiving and sending countries

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Transnational mothers
2

Back 51

-care for American children as nannies
-their children at home cared for by grandparents

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Hispanics include..
4

Back 52

• Mexican Americans
• Puerto Ricans
• South/Central Americans.
• Cubans

Front 53

Mexican American families
3

Back 53

-Kinship ties very strong
-Marry young and have a high birth rate
-Tend to live in extended families

Front 54

Puerto Ricans
3

Back 54

-Most economically disadvantaged of Hispanic groups
-Highest unemployment levels and lowest labor force participation
-High rates of unmarried mothers

Front 55

Cuban Americans
4

Back 55

-most prosperous of Hispanic groups
-Entrepreneurs – high rate of business owners
-Most early immigrants settled in Miami
-Live in immigrant enclave

Front 56

Asian americans kinship patterns
2

Back 56

-children care for parents in old age
-most likely to intermarry of all ethnic groups

Front 57

Why are terms such as Terms such as “Hispanic” and “Asian" misleading?

Back 57

Umbrella terms, but there is as much variation within groups as between these groups and other groups in U.S. society

Front 58

American Indian families
4

Back 58

-Kinship networks important for identity and resources
-Only 1/3 of individuals who identified themselves as solely of Native American origin and were members of tribe or tribal land actually live in tribal areas
-Numbers increased due to intermarriages and claiming ancestry
-Economically disadvantaged