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13 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sex |
A social status usually based on genital appearance. |
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Gender |
When I use the term gender, I refer to persons' social statuses as women, girls, men, boys, or variously transgendered. In contemporary North American societies, genders are generally assumed to be direct social manifestations of persons' sexes. However, when I use the term gender, I do not share that assumption. Rather, when I call people women, men or transgendered I assume only that they demonstrate enough femininity or masculinity to make them recognizable as women, men or transgendered. I do not assume anything about their sexes without further information. |
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Transgendered |
ransgendered persons usually feel that they do not fit perfectly as either women or men. They may feel themselves to be neither women or men, to be both women and men, or to be a gender other than what their sex would normally dictate. Persons may be transgendered on the basis of only their feelings about themselves, they may appear ambiguously gendered to others, or they may change genders and live unnoticed as another gender. Such persons may also be known as crossdressers or transvestites. |
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Sexual orientations |
predominant patterns of sexual/romantic fantasies, desires, or behaviours at particular periods of persons' lives. These may vary from moment to moment with changing circumstances or moods, or they may be averaged over longer periods of time. |
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Gendered sexualities |
sexual orientations which take into account both sexes and genders of people. |
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Heterosexual/homosexual/bisexual |
sexual orientations on the basis of sexes of people. |
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Gay/Lesbian/Straight/Bi |
sexual orientations on the basis of genders of people. |
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Dominant Gender Schema |
1) Sex is an intrinsic biological characteristic. There are two and only two sexes: male and female. 2) All persons are either one sex or the other. No person can be neither. Normally, no person can be both. No person can change sex without major medical intervention. 3) Genders are the social manifestation of sex. There are two and only two genders: men and women, (boys and girls). All males are either boys or men. All females are either girls or women. 4) All persons are either one gender or the other. No person can be neither. No person can be both. No person can change gender without major medical intervention. 5) Gender role styles are culturally defined expressions of sex and gender. There are two main gender role styles: masculinity and femininity. Most males are masculine men. Most females are feminine women. 6) Many persons do not exactly fit their expected gender roles. This is due to imperfect socialization or psychological pathology. 7) By virtue of evolutionary selection processes, those persons who are males, boys, or men deserve greater social status, authority and power than those who are females, girls, or women. |
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Gender Attribution Process |
1) All people are assumed to be either male or female, men or women. 2) Physical characteristics, mannerisms, and personality traits are interpreted as masculine or feminine on the basis of the dominant gender schema. 3) Observed gender role cues are instantaneously and unconsciously weighed and a gender status is attributed: predominantly feminine people are seen as women, predominantly masculine people are seen as men. 4) Once a gender status has been attributed to a person, the corresponding sex is attributed: men are males, women are females. 5) Attributions made by others can either reinforce or undermine persons' identities. |
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What is the one-sex model and how does it work? |
The one sex model believes that male and female physiology are essentially the same. It's male dominated, and females sexual parts are basically that of a males be inverted. For example, the female body was believed to have fetes with accompanying seminal ducts, the only difference is that males had these things contained in scrotums, females had them inside. |
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How does the one sex model differ from the two sex model? |
In the two sex model though, experts wanted to create a link between biological sex and theoretical gender and anything transgressed these boundaries was seen as being abnormal. In this model, women were attributed to having different parts than males. Gender roles became institutionalized as natural |
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What caused a shift to a two sex model? |
The explanations for this shift are both epistemological and political. In terms of the epistemological, in the beginning of the eighteenth century, experts with authority were determining what was natural and what was not. Michel de Montaigne, a writer during the French Renaissance, writes in his Travel Journal, about a group of young girls who dressed up like males and led their lives as males. For him, this was seen as perfectly normal and that "there is no ontological sex, only organs assigned legal and social status".
Politically, There were endless struggles for power and position occurring between and among women.[12] In order to have power over women, men would use sexual anatomy and sexual differences to support their superiority. The subordination of women by men began with the hierarchical ordering of their bodies and ended with their firmly defined gender roles. Thus, "women's protected and conservative role in the household and society was justified by arguments preordained function."[14] Sex was seen as being a major battleground during the French Revolution and "the creation of a bourgeois public sphere...raised with a vengeance the question of which sex(es) ought legitimately to occupy it."[15] Articulate men were the ones who brought about biological evidence to support the notion that women were "unfit for the chimerical spaces that the revolution had inadvertently opened"[15] and thus propagated the notion that women were inferior to men. |
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What model do we use today? |
hard question?? |
