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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Sociological Percpective |
understanding human behavior by placing it within its broader social context |
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Social location |
the group memberships that people have because of their location in history and society |
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basic/ pure sociology |
for making discoveries about life in human groups, not changing them (KNOWLEDGE ONLY) |
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applied sociology |
use of sociology to solve problems (SOCIAL REFORM) |
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Public Sociology |
Applied sociology for public good. Ex: to guide politician and policy makers (RECOMMENDATIONS) |
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Symbolic Interactionism |
Atheoretical perspective in which society is viewed as composed of symbols that people use to establish meaning,develop their views of the world, and communicate with one another
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Functional Analysis (Functionalism) |
society is a whole unit, made up interrelated parts that work together |
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Function |
beneficial consequence of someones action |
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dysfunction |
Negative consequence of someones action |
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manifest function |
intended to help some part of the system (ex. congress offering $ to households that have children in order to increase birth rate)
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latent function |
unintended consequences to help the system adjust (Ex. sale of baby diapers and furniture increases) |
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latent dysfunction |
human action that hurts the system (Ex. Gov does specify a stop time for bonuses and so people rely on them as families grow and poverty spreads) |
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Macro Sociology |
Analyses large scale patterns of society |
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Micro Sociology |
Social interaction or what people do in one another's presence |
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Symbolic Interactionism |
One persons actions influencing someone else; usually refers to what people do when they are in one another's presence, but also includes communications at a distance (Micro level) |
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nonverbal interaction |
communication without words through gestures, use of space, silence, and so on |
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close ended question |
multiple choice |
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open ended questions |
free response |
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participation observation |
fieldwork |
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second analysis |
the analysis of data that have been collected by other researchers |
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unobtrusive measures |
means of observing people without them knowing (Immoral/ unethical) |
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Sapir- whorf hypothesis |
A hypothesis by Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf that language creates ways of thinking and perceiving |
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values |
the standards by which people define what is desirable or undesirable, good or bad, beautiful or ugly
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norms |
expressions of "right" behavior |
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sanctions |
either expression of approval given to people for upholding norms or expressions of disapproval for violating them |
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positive sanction |
a reward or positive reaction for following norms, ranging from a smile ti a material reward
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negative sanction |
an expression of disapproval for breaking a norm ranging from a mild, informal reaction, such as a frown to a formal reaction such as a prison sentence |
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subculture |
the values and related behaviors of a group that distinguishes its member from the larger culture; a world within a world |
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counterculture |
a group whose values, beliefs, norms, and related behaviors go against the broader culture |
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pluralistic society |
a society made up of many different groups |
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cultural diffusion |
the spread of cultural traits from one group to another, includes both material and non-material culture traits |
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cultural leveling |
the process by which cultures become similar to one another (Ex. Western culture expanding to other nations) |
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Nature v Nurture |
Nature: behavior ruled by drives and instinct Nurture: behavior product of learning and socilization |
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Social Enviornment |
the entire human environment that we are a part of; where we live and interact with one another |
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socialization |
the process by which people learn the characteristics of their group |
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peer group |
a group of individuals often roughly the same age that are linked by a common interest and orientations
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mass media |
forms of communication that are are directed to mass audiences |
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agents of socialization |
people or groups that affect our self-concept, attitudes, behaviors, or other orientations towards life (family, neighborhood, religion, day care, school, peer groups, etc) |
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anticipatory socialization |
the process of learning in advance an anticipated future role or status |
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degradation ceremony |
a ritual whose goal is to remake someone's self by stripping away that individual's self-identity and stamping a new identity in its place |