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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The Marriage Go-Round
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Cherlin
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Promises I Can Keep
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Edin and Kefalas
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Soft Patriarchs, New Men: How Christianity Shapes Fathers and Husbands
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Wilcox
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Premarital Sex in America
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Regenerus and Uecker
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Schnitzer and Ewigman
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Child Deaths Resulting from Inflicting Injuries
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The Case for Marriage
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Waite and Gallagher
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Waite and Gallagher
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• Americans still marry a lot, but our ideas about marriage have changes, becoming a “postmarriage culture”
• Power of marriage vows, specialization, support/emotional bond/sexual fidelity basic for marriage and good for society and has not changed • Benefits men in that they can maintain their masculinity • Cohabitation may offer short-term benefits but it is not good for the long run • Married people live longer and are healthier (men especially), men are tamed from their reckless ways, psychological health/always having a friend, married people are happier, married people are more satisfied with their sex lives • Cohabitation bad for kids, marriage decreases domestic violence • Having children creates more stress on women than getting married, marriage has improved since the 1960s so that women get more benefits • Marriage works best when husbands and wives need each other |
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Wilcox
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• Religious relevance decreased in the 1960s and 70s
• Lots of big scholarly words that hurt my eyes • People assume that marriage and family are moving to a more individualist path, but this is not happening in all sector of society • Conservative Protestantism has flourished in order to combat this trend • Familism is a good thing, related to positive emotion work • Most women agree that household labor is divided fairly (even if she does most of it), religious husbands more gracious of this • Women’s happiness in marriage is important, eglatarian marriages are not associated with more emotion work in men |
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Cherlin
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• marriage shows that you have gained the necessary skills to earn the badge but a lot of people don’t know what to do with the badge after they win it (hence why so many marriages end in divorce)
• the idea of cultural lag- when technology changes faster than a social norm/behavior • religion/ plays an important role. Modern American religion is often more focused on individual happiness than community or scripture. The US built on Protestant values and immigration- we’ve never been worried about not having enough people, public battles about polygamy in the 19th century, slavery as a threat to marriage. |
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Institution
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Specific features of an institution
Common social practices that structure social life in a given domain Norms that guide practices Practices & norms cluster in roles Roles legitimated by beliefs Supported by structural & cultural resources |
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Example of the family as an institution
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Functions: procreation & care of children, socialization of children, organization of kinship relations
Practices: spousal sex, reading to child Norms: fidelity, sacrifice, being together for holidays Roles: Husband, Wife, Grandmother, son Resources: Job & Wedding Ceremony |
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Liberal views on the family
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Liberal ultimate beliefs
Moral authority found in this world Morality changes with the times Family implication: ▪ Family changing, not declining Family process depends on social structure more than family structure ▪ process (quality of relationships) most important Liberals stress autonomy Adults & children in family should not be constrained by too many norms Obligation/commitment should be balanced by needs of self Gender is socially constructed Family promotes gender inequality Men & women should do 50-50 |
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Conservative views on the family
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Moral authority in transcendent source
Moral law is unchanging Family implication: ▪ Departures from married/child-centered family = decline Family structure and culture strongly influence family process ▪ structure (married or not) most important Conservatives stress commitment Norms & roles help guide adults & children in their families Commitment to family is paramount; may need to sacrifice self’s desires Gender/Sex differences rooted, to a degree, in nature Some gender specialization good when kids in home Specialization is more efficient than 50-50 |
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Norm
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A commonly-held guideline that informs and often directs (but not always!) behavior — usually maintained by institutions, accompanied by sanctions/stigma, sometimes arbitrary and sometimes oppressive, but at its best promotes the transmission of cultural ideals and practices that promote human flourishing from one generation to the next
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History of courtship
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Important shifts:
From home and community as the setting to anonymous public spaces From parental authority to youth culture and “relationship experts” From women regulating calling to men controlling dating through spending From marriage as the main goal to popularity as the main goal From character to personality |
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Deinstitutionalization of courtship
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-marriage delayed for career/prolonged adolescence
-sexual norm shift (college life not as strict) -gender norm weakened -divorce revolution |
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How many Americans get married?
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almost 90 percent (Cherlin)
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Three models of courtship in urban America
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Seeking multiple partners
Romantically-involved but uncertain future/unstable “Decent” love & maybe marriage |
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Similarities and differences with college-educated courtship
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Similarities to courtship among college-educated
Function: not clearly linked to marriage Sexual and gender norms unclear Relationship confusion/distrust Differences Culture: Marriage not a strong hope/norm for many Culture: Differences in self-control & commitment to the Mission/Lifescript Social structure/Culture: Childbearing largely separated from marriage Social structure: Economic basis of marriage very weak |
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What percentage of people cohabit before marriage?
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65%
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Why cohabitation?
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Opportunity to evaluate potential spouse as a person
Share expenses Convenient (sex/emotion) Find out if the relationship seems good, test-drive Breaking up is easy, fear of divorce Flexibility & autonomy |
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How much does cohabitation increase the risk for divorce?
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25%
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Negatives of cohabitation
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▪ Less commitment (4% married men unfaithful, 16% cohabiting men*)
▪ More confusion & conflict ▪ More autonomy ▪ Premarital birth ▪ Multiple partners ▪ Sliding, not deciding |
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History of marriage
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19th century: Many functions reinforced strength & stability of marriage, marriage was an economic, parental, social welfare, & religious undertaking.
— 1950s: Functions narrowing: emotional fulfillment, childrearing, keeping house. Familism & Gender specialization balanced search for fulfillment. Divorce was generally off the table. Clear gender norms, common practices roles. Men and women took pride in performance of husbandly & wifely roles* — Contemporary: Narrow Functions: “soul mate” relationship Focus more an intense emotional satisfaction w/ spouse*. More contingent approach to marital commitment. Economic, religious, parental, gendered functions of marriage are less important. |
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Causes of changes in marriage
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Affluence, Men’s & Women’s changing economic position, Divorce revolution of 70s, Psychological revolution of 70s, Sexual revolution of 70s, Secularism
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Consequences of soul mate model
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Lower fertility, less time w children, Less gender specialization, More religious intermarriage
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How many years does marriage add to men's lives?
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10
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How much higher are married men's salaries than single men?
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10-20%
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What percentage of first marriages now end in divorce?
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43%
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Why has the gender revolution come to an end?
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Married parents more religious
Motherhood is voluntary/selective Choice Feminism, some women, even progressive women, taking this message to heart Biology, some women are biologically-inclined towards motherhood and domesticity (Rhoads 2005). |
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Companionate model
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More egalitarian marriages should be happier (Pepper Schwartz)
Role sharing solidarity Elimination of difference Egalitarian-minded men This approach is consistent with a commitment to formal equality |
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Institutional model
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Institutional model (Brad Wilcox):
Strong normative commitment to marriage Social support for marriage from marriage-friendly institutions (e.g., churches) Legitimate the marriage – “family myth” Altruism Trust Long-term view |
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Equity model
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What is “fair” is determined by women’s (Arlie Hochschild)
Ideology Earning position Home/family focus Equity and conflict Women who think things are unfair may be more likely to initiate marital conflict |
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Gender model
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Men & women are invested in “doing gender” (Steven Rhoads)
Acting in stereotypical masculine and feminine ways Even when they hold egalitarian gender attitudes In marriage: Men more comfortable providing & protecting their wives Women are more comfortable when husband provides 50-50 model recipe for conflict |