Sociology Final Exam Review

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Kinship Diagrams

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a form of shorthand used by anthropologists to understand the biological and social relationships within families

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Applied Anthropology

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problem-oriented research among the world's contemporary populations

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Global Challenges

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Some of these problems may include income inequality (both between and within nation-states), environmental destruction, the need for sustainable forms of energy. depletion of the world's natural resources, and the cultural survival of the world's indigenous peoples

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Evolutionism

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according to this anthropological theory, all societies pass through a series of distinct evolutionary stages, and we find differences in cultures because they are at different evolutionary stages of development

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Participant-observation

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observing and learning in the field while participating in an activity

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Art

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may serve many functions in a culture, including: emotional gratification, social integration, social control, and as a means of preserving or challenging the status quo

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Functionalism

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a theoretical orientation in anthropology that assumes that cultures provide various means for satisfying both societal and individual needs

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Religion

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a set of beliefs in supernatural beings and forces directed at helping people make sense of the world and solve important problems

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Cult

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in a general sense, a cult refers to forms of religion that have their own set of beliefs, rituals, and goals.

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Functions of Religion

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acting as a means of social control, working to resolves conflicts, reinforcing group solidarity, and helping to improve cognitive and emotional function

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Ethnographic Fieldwork

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primarily involves collecting data on site and engaging in participant-observation

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Ethnography

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an in-depth account of a people's culture studied by the anthropologist who conducted the on-site fieldwork

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Arranged Marriage

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in an arranged marriage, family members of the prospective bride and groom handle the negotiations, and for all practical purposes, the decision of whom one will marry is made primarily one's parents or other influential relatives

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Endogamy/Exogamy

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endogamy means to marry within a certain group, whereas exogamy means to marry outside of a certain group

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Incest taboo

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the prohibition on mating with certain categories of relatives

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Polyandry/Pologny

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polyandry is the marriage of a woman to two or more men at the same time; polygyny involves the marriage of a man to two or more women at the same time

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Sherry Turkle

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MIT professor who argues that the overuse of new technologies of mobile communication may be hurting our ability to hold face to face conversations

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Bill Joy

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co-founder of Sun Microsystems who warned of the dangers of advances in genetic engineering, nanotechnology, and robotics in his essay "Why the Future Doesn't Need Us"

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The Flynn Effect

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A phenomenon that suggests that in the second half of the 20th century, people around the world grew smarter at a rate of about three IQ points per decade

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Luddites

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A group of 19th century textile workers who worked to destroy their own factories after the introduction of steam driven looms

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Ted Kaczynaski

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former math professor who became better known as the "Unabomber"

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Cultural Reproduction Theory

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idea that social classes reproduce themselves through the process of culture

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Phillippe Bourgois

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an anthropologist who worked among crack dealers in Spanish Harlem

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Linked Changes

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idea that the introduction of a single technological innovation may set off a series of changes in other parts of a culture

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Modernization Theory

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a model based on a dichotomy of traditional versus modern that serves not only as an attempted description of reality but also as a planning strategy for bringing about economic development in less developed nations

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World Systems Theory

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the rich and the poor nations of the world are not fundamentally different because of innate cultural features but rather because of how they have operated within the world system

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Collective vs. Individualist Orientation

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in a culture with a "collective" orientation, sharing is valued, over boasting, winning in competition, or motor skills