Sociology Final Exam Review

Front 1

Norms

Back 1

rules, expectations, and guidelines that govern what people should or should not think, feel or do in a given social interaction

Front 2

sanctions

Back 2

penalities (negative sanctions) or reward (positive sanctions) society uses to encourage conformity and to punish deviance

Front 3

social deviance

Back 3

behavior that violates social norms and is negatively sanctioned by society

Front 4

Characteristics of deviance

Back 4

1. no act is intrinsically deviant

2. deviance is defined through social judgements relative to particular norms and values

Front 5

Crime

Back 5

Violates 1 type of norm --
CRIMINAL LAWS

Front 6

criminal actions

Back 6

believed to be so damaging to the interests of society that THE STATE takes on the role of identifying and acting againt the criminal

Front 7

Non-sociological theories of deviance and crime

Back 7

physiological

and

psychological

Front 8

physiological theory of deviance and crime

Back 8

(Cesare Lambroso):
criminals have some organic defect or pathology that pushes them towards deviant behavior

Front 9

psychological theory of deviance and crime

Back 9

some emotional disturbance in the past left the individual mentally unbalanced. Imbalance causes, or influences, their behavior.

Front 10

Functional Perspective on Crime and Deviance

Back 10

Emile Durkheim

Front 11

Functional Perspective on Crime and Deviance

THEORY BEHIND

Back 11

some crime and deviance is not only normal, but also an integral part of healthy societies

Front 12

"degradation ceremonies"

Back 12

through society's responses to these practices, such as criminal trials, we are reminded of our norms and values.

--> the reason that some crime and deviance is normal, healthy, and imperative to societies

Front 13

Robert Merton's Strain Theory: Anomie

Functional perspective

Back 13

results from a recurring contrast between the American Dream and persistent inequality

Front 14

Anomie: Emile Durkheim

Functional Perspective

Back 14

an exceptional situation when the individual is no longer controlled by a moral code

Front 15

Conflict Perspective on Crime and Deviance: Karl Marx

Back 15

-Norms and Laws reflect ruling class ideology

-behaviors at odds with interests of ruling class are likely to be viewed as deviant and punished

Front 16

Contemporary Conflict theorists' focus

Back 16

focus on the way the criminal justice system reinforces inequality, and defines any behavior that threatens those in power

Front 17

SYMBOLIC Interactionist Perspectives on Crime and Deviance

Labeling theory:

Back 17

crime, deviance, and conformity result from the responses we get from others

Front 18

LABELING THEORY:
(howard becker)

Back 18

- social groups CREATE deviance when they make rules and apply the label of deviant to those who break them

- deviant/criminal label is a MASTER STATUS

-Labeling tends to produce a SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECY

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EFFECTS OF LABELING:

Stigma

Back 19

a poweful negative social label that radically changes a person's social identity and self-concept

Front 20

EFFECTS OF LABELING:

Retrospective Labeling

Back 20

interpreting someone's past to fit with their current label of deviant