Sociology Final Exam Chapters 11,12,13

Front 1

programs designed to seek out members of minority groups for positions from which they had previously been excluded, thereby seeking to overcome institutional racism.

Back 1

affirmative action

Front 2

skin color prejudice within an ethno-racial group, most notably between light-skinned and dark-skinned blacks.

Back 2

colorism

Front 3

unfair treatment of people based on some social characteristic, such as race, ethnicity, or sex

Back 3

discrimination

Front 4

Sense of community that derives from the cultural heritage shared by a category of people with common ancestry

Back 4

ethnicity

Front 5

laws, customs, and practices, that systematically reflect and produce racial and ethnic inequalities in a society, whether or not the individuals maintaining these laws, customs, and practices have racist intentions.

Back 5

institutional racism

Front 6

general terms applied to diverse subgroups that are assumed to have something in common

Back 6

panethnic labels

Front 7

individual expression of racist attitudes or behaviors.

Back 7

personal racism

Front 8

rigidly held, unfavorable attitudes, beliefs, and feelings about members of a different group, based on a social characteristic such as race, ethnicity, or gender.

Back 8

prejudice

Front 9

form of racism expressed subtly and indirectly through feelings of discomfort, uneasiness, and fear, which motivate avoidance rather than blatant discrimination.

Back 9

quiet racism

Front 10

category of people labeled and treated as similar bc of some allegedly common biological traits, such as skin color, texture of hair, and shape of eyes.

Back 10

race

Front 11

tendency for the race of a society's majority to be so obvious, normative, and unremarkable that it becomes, for all intents and purposes, invisible.

Back 11

racial transparency

Front 12

belief that humans are subdivided into distinct groups that are different in their social behavior and innate capacities and that can be ranked as superior or inferior

Back 12

racism

Front 13

overgeneralized belief that a certain trait, behavior, or attitude characterizes all members of some identifiable group

Back 13

stereotype

Front 14

subordination of women that is part of the everyday workings of economics, law, politics, and other social institutions.

Back 14

institutional sexism

Front 15

female-dominated society, which gives higher prestige and value to women than to men.

Back 15

matriarchy

Front 16

practice of treating people as objects

Back 16

objectification

Front 17

male-dominated society in which cultural beliefs and values give higher prestige and value to men than to women

Back 17

patriarchy

Front 18

principle that women and men who perform jobs that are of equal value to society and that require equal training ought to be paid equally.

Back 18

pay equity

Front 19

system of beliefs that asserts the inferiority of one sex and justifies gender-based inequality

Back 19

sexism

Front 20

population's balance of old and young people

Back 20

age structure

Front 21

set of people who were born during the same era and who face similar societal circumstances brought about by their shared position in the overall age structure of the population.

Back 21

birth cohort

Front 22

phenomenon in which members of a birth cohort tend to experience a particular life course event or rite of passage-puberty, marriage, childbearing, graduation, entry into the workforce, death-at roughly the same time.

Back 22

cohort effect

Front 23

sociologist who studies trends in population characteristics

Back 23

demographer

Front 24

movement of populations from one geographic area to another

Back 24

migration

Front 25

phenomenon in which a historical event or major social trend contributes to the unique shape and outlook of a birth cohort

Back 25

period effect

Front 26

process by which people leave rural areas and begin to concentrate in large cities

Back 26

urbanization