Sociology Final Exam Chapter 14

Front 1

social institution through which society provides its members with important knowledge, including basic facts, job skills, and cultural norms and values

Back 1

education

Front 2

formal instruction under the direction of specialty trained teachers

Back 2

schooling

Front 3

assigning students to different types of educational programs

Back 3

tracking

Front 4

a lack of the reading and writing skills needed for everyday living

Back 4

functional illiteracy

Front 5

the social institution that focuses on fighting disease and improving health

Back 5

medicine

Front 6

a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being

Back 6

health

Front 7

the study of how health and disease are distributed throughout a society's population

Back 7

social epidemiology

Front 8

an intense form of dieting or other unhealthy method of weight control driven by the desire to be very thin

Back 8

eating disorder

Front 9

assisting in the death of a person suffering from and incurable disease; also known as mercy killing

Back 9

euthanasia

Front 10

an approach to health care that emphasizes the prevention of illness and takes into account a person's entire physical and social environment

Back 10

holistic medicine

Front 11

a medical care system in which the government owns and operates most medical facilities and employs most physicians

Back 11

socialized medicine

Front 12

a medical care system in which patients pay directly for the services of physicians and hospitals

Back 12

direct-fee system

Front 13

an organization that provides comprehensive medical care to subscribers for a fixed fee

Back 13

health maintenance organization (hmo)

Front 14

patterns of behavior defined as appropriate for people who are ill

Back 14

sick role

Front 15

what are the functions of schooling in the structural functional analysis?

Back 15

• Socialization
• Cultural innovation
• Social integration
• Social placement
• Latent functions

Front 16

Symbolic Interaction Analysis: Schooling and social interaction

Back 16

• The self-fulfilling prophecy
• Labeling
• Thomas Theorum

Front 17

Conflict Analysis: Schooling and social inequality

Back 17

• Social control
• Standardized testing
• Tracking
• Public v Private Education
• Access to higher education
• Prestige and Personal Merit

Front 18

problems in the schools

Back 18

• Discipline and violence
• Student passivity
o Bureaucracy: Student passivity is promoted in five ways in large, bureaucratic school systems:
• Rigid uniformity
• Numerical ratings
• Rigid expectations
• Specialization
• Little individual responsibility
➢ Functional Illiteracy
➢ Grade Inflation

Front 19

recent issues in U.S. education

Back 19

• School choice movement(Magnet schools, Schooling for Profit, and Charter schools)
• Home schooling
• Schooling people with disabilities
• Adult education-growing portion of students in us, most older learners are women
• The teacher shortage-more than 300,000 vacancies exist

Front 20

health and society

Back 20

• Cultural patterns define health
• Cultural standards of health change over time
• A society’s technology affects people’s health
• Social inequality affects people’s health

Front 21

industrialization and human health

Back 21

• With industrialization, infectious diseases become less of a threat
• Most people in industrialized societies live until old age, however, more and more older individuals in industrialized societies are now developing long-lasting, life-threatening chronic illnesses (such as heart disease and cancer)
• With industrialization, standards of living go up, the institution of medicine expands, life-expectancy goes up, and infant-mortality rates go down

Front 22

health in low-income countries

Back 22

-poor nations suffer from inadequate sanitation, hunger, and other problems linked to poverty
-life expectancy in low-income nations is about 25 years less than in the u.s.

Front 23

health in high-income countries

Back 23

industrialization has helped improve living standards

Front 24

health in the united states

Back 24

• Social epidemiology: the study of how health and disease are distributed throughout a society’s population
• Eating disorders
• Obesity
• Sexually transmitted disease
• Ethical issues

Front 25

The Medical Establishment: Medicine emerges as a social institution only as societies become more productive and people take on specialized work

Back 25

• The Rise of Scientific Medicine: The AMA founded in 1847, symbolized the growing acceptance of a scientific model of medicine
• Recently, the scientific model of medicine has been tempered by the introduction of holistic medicine
• Holistic Medicine: approach to health care that emphasizes prevention of illness and takes into account a person’s entire physical and social environment

Front 26

Three Foundations to Holistic Health Care

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o Treat patients as people
o Encourage responsibility, not dependency
o Provide personal treatment

Front 27

Various Strategies across different countries with regard to paying for medical care

Back 27

• Globally: Government controlled health-care, socialized medicine, dual systems, single-payer, or some combination
• The United States: A direct-fee system whereby patients are responsible for paying directly for the services of physicians and hospitals
• Medical Bills in the US are paid for in 3 ways:
• Private Insurance Programs (most people in the US pay for medical care through Private Insurance Programs)
• Public Insurance Programs
• Health Maintenance Organizations

Front 28

Structural-Functional Analysis of health and medicine

Back 28

• Medicine is society’s strategy to keep people healthy and productive
• Illness is a dysfunction because it limits productivity and disrupts societal stability
o The sick role
o The physician’s role: a hierarchal relationship between physician and patient

Front 29

Symbolic-Interaction Analysis of health and medicine

Back 29

• The social construction of illness (The Thomas Theorem: How people define a medical situation may actually affect how they feel…..Psychosomatic disorders)
• The social construction of treatment (the examination room)
• The social construction of personal identity (illness/disability as a master status)

Front 30

Social-conflict and Feminist Analysis of health and medicine

Back 30

• Access to care: particularly a problem in the US because we lack a universal health care program and opt for a direct-fee system whereby the wealthiest individuals can afford the best healthcare)
• The profit motive: capitalist medicine provides physicians and other lobbyists in the medical/pharmaceutical industrial to raise prices of prescriptions, and recommend the costliest surgeries
• Medicine as politics: treatment is seen strictly as biological and rarely are social issues such as poverty, racism, and sexism seen as causes of poor health

Front 31

In the united states and in other countries, laws requiring all children to attend school were enacted following?

Back 31

industrial revolution

Front 32

Japan differs from the U.S. in that attending college depends more on?

Back 32

scores and achievements

Front 33

According to the structural-functional approach, schooling carries out the task of?

Back 33

trying together a diverse population, creating new elements of culture, socializing young people

Front 34

Social-conflict analysis highlights how education?

Back 34

reflects and reinforces social inequality

Front 35

The importance of community colleges to U.S. higher education is reflected in the fact that they?

Back 35

greatly expand the opportunity to attend college, enroll almost 40 percent of all U.S. college students, and enrolls half of all african american and hispanic college students

Front 36

Health is a social issue because?

Back 36

cultural patterns define what people view as health, social inequality affects people's health, and a society's technology affects people's health

Front 37

In the very poorest nations of the world today, a majority of people die before reaching?

Back 37

their teens

Front 38

What is the greatest cause of death among young people in the U.S.?

Back 38

accidents

Front 39

In the U.S., the greater preventable cause of death is?

Back 39

cigarette smoking

Front 40

About what share of the U.S. adults are overweight?

Back 40

two-thirds