Sociology Final Exam

Front 1

Inequality Increasing in U.S

Back 1

1. Technology: complements some jobs requiringhigher levels of education and replaces others, has an uneven impact.

2. Decline of Manufacturing: loss of higher wages for experienced manufacturing workersas jobs are moved overseas.

3.Globalization: increasing trade resulting in cheaper imported goods produced indeveloping countries

4.Government Policies: although we have a progressive tax system, the tax ratespaid by the highest earners have fallen dramatically, and failure to raiseminimum wage.

Hint 1

CH 10 page 6

Front 2

Class

Back 2

groups of people in similar social and economic positions, who have similaropportunities in life, and who benefit (or are hurt) by the same kinds ofgovernment policies.

Hint 2

CH 10 page 3

Front 3

Weber

Back 3

raceas stemming from common inherited and inheritable traits that derive fromcommon descent - view called essentialism,which presumes that an individual's racial identity depends on fundamental andinnate characteristics that are deep-seated, inherited, and unchangeable.

Hint 3

CH 11 page 2

Front 4

Race and Biology

Back 4

Wecan spot surface physical differences between people, BUT the ways in which weassign people to racial groups is purely a matter of socialization- of havingbeen trained to pick out particular bodily characteristics and then associatethem with particular groups.

Hint 4

CH 11 Page 8

Front 5

Social Construct

Back 5

It isa classification system invented by human beings that is socially created, i.e.the product of masses of people who form a society, and is shaped by the socialforces present in the time and place of its creation, such as economicconditions, shifting cultural values, political upheavals.

Hint 5

CH 11 Page 7

Front 6

Social Construction of Gender

Back 6

theentire system of social processes that create and sustain gender differencesand gender inequality.

Front 7

The Great Equalizer

Back 7

Thereis rising inequality in the quality of education received by students living inthe suburbs and wealthier urban districts (not yet a crisis but not doing aswell as they should be) and the students in poorer urban and rural areas(definitely in crisis). Needto improve: school safety anddiscipline, teacher quality, support from parents and the surroundingcommunity, the culture of learning.

Hint 7

CH 15 Page 9

Front 8

Societies Punish

Back 8

To exact retribution for the victims of criminal acts.

To deter offenders, and others, from committing crimes in the future.Toincapacitate or otherwise prevent offenders from committing further crimes.

To rehabilitate or reform offenders.

Hint 8

CH 17 Page 7

Front 9

Criminal record

Back 9

In eligible for government programs like public housing, educational loan programs, etc.

May lose custody of your children.

Will lose the right to vote while in prison in 48 states, in some states you willlose the right to vote for life.

You will have a harder time finding a job.

You will earn less money over your lifetime.

We've already talked about the effects of incarceration on family members, particularly children. Cost to the rest of society: between $25,000-$35,000 a year to keep a single in matein prison.

Hint 9

CH 17 Page 9

Front 10

The Four Stages of Social Movements

Back 10

Emergence:widespread discontent, but no collective action.

Coalescence:more clearly defined discontent that becomes focalized and collective.

Bureaucratization:characterized by higher levels of organization and coalition-based strategies.

Decline:due to success, organizational failure, co-optation, repression, orestablishment within mainstream society.

Hint 10

CH 18 Page 6

Front 11

Theories of Social Movementst

Back 11

ResourceMobilization Approach: emphasizes the importance of resources, such as money orvolunteers, for generating and sustaining social movements.

PoliticalProcess Approach: economic and political shifts that occur open up a space orcreate opportunities for the movement.

SocialNetworks Approach: the webs of ties or connections that link people and groupsfacilitate communication and other exchanges.

CulturalApproach: link social movements to broad historical developments.

Hint 11

CH 18 Page 7

Front 12

Social Movement Leaders Recruit NewMembers

Back 12

Threesuccessive types of framing:

Diagnostic:members of a movement convince potential converts that a problem needs to beaddressed.

Prognostic:group members convince recruits of appropriate strategies, tactics, andtargets.

Motivational:the group exhorts recruits to get involved in these activities.

Hint 12

CH 18 Page 8

Front 13

Government Policies

Back 13

although we have a progressive taxsystem, the tax rates paid by the highest earners have fallen dramatically, andfailure to raise minimum wage.

Front 14

Ethnicity

Back 14

A system for classifying people who are believed to share common descent based onperceived cultural similarities is a sociological

Front 15

Education

Back 15

The stock of knowledge, skills, and habits which people can use to do productive labor laterin life

Front 16

Galston

Back 16

school safety and discipline, teacherquality, support from parents and the surrounding community, the culture oflearning

Front 17

Lenin

Back 17

Economic disturbance

Unusual suffering among the lower classes

Considerable increase in the independent historical action of the lower classes