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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Deviance
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the recognized violation of cultural norms
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Crime
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the violation of a society’s enacted criminal law
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Social control
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attempts by society to regulate people’s thoughts and behavior
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Criminal justice system
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a formal response by police, courts, and prison officials to alleged violations of the law
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Labeling theory-
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the assertion that deviance and conformity result not so much from what people do as from how others respond to those actions
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Stigma
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a powerfully negative label that greatly changes a person’s self-concept and social identity
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Medicalization of deviance
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the transformation of moral and legal deviance into a medical condition
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White-collar crime
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crime committed by people of high social position in the course of their occupations
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Corporate crime
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the illegal actions of a corporation of people acting on its behalf
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Organized crime
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a business supplying illegal goods or services
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Hate crime
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a criminal act against a person or a person’s property by an offender motivated by racial or other bias
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Crimes against the person (violent crimes)
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crimes that direct violence or the threat of violence against others
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Crimes against property (property crimes)
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crimes that involve theft of property belonging to others
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Victimless crimes (crimes without complaint)-
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violations of law in which there are no obvious victims
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Plea bargaining
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a legal negotiation in which a prosecutor reduces a charge in exchange for a defendant’s guilty plea
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Retribution
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an act of moral vengeance by which society makes the offender suffer as much as the suffering caused by the crime
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Deterrence
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the attempt to discourage criminality through the use of punishment
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Rehabilitation
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a program for reforming the offender to prevent later offenses
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Societal protection
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rendering an offender incapable of further offenses temporarily through imprisonment or permanently by execution.
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Criminal recidivism
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later offenses by people previously convicted of crimes
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Community-based corrections
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correctional programs operating within society at large rather than behind prison walls.
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Kinship
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a social institution that unites people in cooperative groups to oversee the bearing and raising of children
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Family unit
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a social group of two or more people, related by blood, marriage, or adoption, who usually live together
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Marriage
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a legal relationship, usually involving economic cooperation as well as sexually activity and childbearing, that people expect to last.
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Extended family
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a family unit that includes parent and children as well as other kin; also known as the consanguine family
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Nuclear family
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a family unit composed of one or two parents and their children; also known as the conjugal family
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Endogamy
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marriage between people of the same social category
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Exogamy
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marriage between people of different social categories
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Monogamy
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marriage that units two partners
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Polygamy
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marriage that units three or more people
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Descent
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the system by which members of a society trace kinship over generations
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Incest taboo
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a norm forbidding sexual people with the same social characteristics
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Homogamy
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marriage between people with the same social characteristics
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Cohabitation
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the sharing of a household by an unmarried couple
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Profane
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an ordinary element of everyday life
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Sacred
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set apart as extraordinary, inspiring awe and reverence
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Religion
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a social institution involving beliefs and practices based on a conception of the sacred
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Faith
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belief based on conviction rather than scientific evidence
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Totem
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an object in the natural world collectively defined as sacred
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Liberation theology
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the combining of Christian principles with political activism, often Marxist in character
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Church
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a type of religious organization that is well integrated into the larger society
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State church
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a church formally allied with that state
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Denomination
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a church, independent of the state that recognizes religious pluralism
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Sect
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a type of religious organization that stands apart from the larger society
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Charisma
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extraordinary personal qualities that can infuse people with emotion and turn them into followers
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Cult
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a religious organization that is largely outside a society’s cultural transitions
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Animism
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the belief that elements of the natural world are conscious life forms that affect humanity
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Religiosity
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the importance of religion in a person’s life
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Secularization
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the historical decline in the importance of the supernatural and the sacred
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Civil religion
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a quasi-religious loyalty binding individual in a basically secular society
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Fundamentalism
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a conservative religious doctrine that opposes intellectualism and worldly accommodation in favor of restoring transitional, otherworldly religion.
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