Sociology Exam #2 (Part 1)

Front 1

Culture

Back 1

The entire way of life of a group of people

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Ethnocentrism

Back 2

Principle of using one's own culture as a means or standard by which to evaluate another group or individual, leading to the view that cultures other than your own are abnormal or inferior

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Cultural Relativism

Back 3

Principle of understanding other cultures on their own terms rather than judging based on your own culture

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Material Culture

Back 4

physical objects to which we give social meaning

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Symbolic Culture

Back 5

ideas associated with a cultural group; intangible elements of culture; five main categories: SIGNS/SYMBOLS, LANGUAGE, NORMS, VALUES, BELIEFS

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Signs

Back 6

something designed to meaningfully represent something else

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Language

Back 7

Organized set of symbols

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Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

Back 8

Idea that language structures the thought and the ways of looking at the world are embedded in language.

Front 9

Values

Back 9

set of shared beliefs that a group of ppl consider whorthwhile or desirable in life (what's good/bad)

Front 10

Norms

Back 10

rules or guidelines regarding what kinds of behavior are accepted and appropiated within a culture

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Laws

Back 11

Common type of formally defined norm

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Folkway

Back 12

looselly enforced norms that are common practices (shaking hands, waving goodbye, ect)

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More

Back 13

Great moral significant norm, stonger sanctions (theft, rape, ect.....things that break laws!)

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Taboo

Back 14

A norm ingrained so deeply taht even thinking about violatin it evokes strong feelings of disgust/horror (cannibalism, incest, ect.)

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Sanctions

Back 15

positive or negative reactions to the way ppl follow or disobey norms

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Hegemony

Back 16

term developed by Antonio Gramsci to describe the cultural aspects of social control; the ideas of the dominant social group are accepted by all of society

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Subculture

Back 17

a culture within a culture; group with distinctive values, norms, and lifestye (Korean Americans, senior citizens, college students, ect)

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Counterculture

Back 18

a kind of subgroup whose norms and values differ or in direct opposition to the mainstream (activist groups, protestors, ect)

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Culture Wars

Back 19

clashes within mainstream society over the values and norms that should be upheld; frequently played out in the media (politics, ect)

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Ideal Culture

Back 20

the norms, values, and patterns of behavior that memebers of a society believe should be observed in principle

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Real Culture

Back 21

the norms, values, and patterns of behavior that actually exsist in a society

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Technology

Back 22

material artifacts and the knowledge and techniques needed to use them

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Technological Determinism

Back 23

the notion that developments in technology provide the primary driving force behind social change

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Cultural Imperialism

Back 24

impostion of one culture's beliefs and practices on another culture through mass media and consumer products rather than my military force

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Nature v. Nurture

Back 25

ongoing discussion of the respective roles of genetics and socialization in determining individual behaviors and traits

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Socialization

Back 26

the process of learning adn internalizing the values, beliefs, and norms of our social group by which we become functionaling members of society

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Feral Children

Back 27

in myths and rare real world cases, children who have had little human contact and may have lived in the wild from a young age (Mowgli, George of the Jungle, ect)

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Self

Back 28

an individual's conscious, reflexive experience of their personal identity that differs from others

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Psychoanalytic Theory

Back 29

SIGMUND FREUD; the idea of of the subconscioius and unconscious mind which he believes controls most of our drives, impulses, thoughts, ect.

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The Looking Glass

Back 30

CHARLES COOLEY; refers to the notion that the self develops through our perception of other's evaluations adn apraisals

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Mind, Self, Society

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GEORGE HERBERT MEAD; expanded Cooley's theory, believed tha the self was developed through social interactions starting in childhood

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Preparatory Stage

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first stage of Mead's theory; simple imitation (smiling back at someone)

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Play Stage

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second stage of Mead's theory; pretending, taking on roles,children begin to see themselves as something others look at and judge

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Game Stage

Back 34

third stage of Mead's theory; children my generalized games with rules and take on generalized roles

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Generalized Other

Back 35

the perspectives and expectations that children learn and takes into account when shaping their own behavior

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Dual Natureof the Self

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MEAD: "I" vs. "Me"; "I" is how you percieve yourself and the "me" is how others percieve you

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Dramaturgy

Back 37

ERVING GOFFMAN; a social interaction where individuals take on roles and act them act to an audience

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Define the Situation

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GOFFMAN; an agreement over "what is going on" in a given circumstance

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Impression Management

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GOFFMAN; the efffort to control the impression we make on others so that they form a desired view of us and the situation

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Resocialization

Back 40

the process of replacing previously learned norms and values with a new perception

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Status

Back 41

postion in society that comes wtih set expectations

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Ascribed Status

Back 42

one we are born with that is unlikely to change

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Achieved Status

Back 43

one we have earned through individual effort or that is imposed by others

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Master Status

Back 44

status that seems to override all others and affects all other statuses we possess (stereotyping)

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Roles

Back 45

behaviors expected form a particular status