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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Sociology |
the systematic study of human society (Ch 1) |
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Sociological perspective |
seeing the general in the particular (general patterns in behavior of people) (Ch 1) |
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Lillian Rubin |
higher income women expect more emotional men, lower income want men with jobs (Ch1)
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Who is more likely to commit suicide? |
men, Protestant, unmarried, wealthy, white (more social ties, less likely. less ties, more freedom, more likely) |
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Who has better sociological perspective? Majority or minority? |
Minority (they live through it and are not blinded by wealth) |
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Global perspective |
study of larger world and our society's place in it |
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High-income countries |
nations with highest standards of overall living. ex: Australia, USA, Canada |
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Middle-income countries |
nations with standard of living about average for the world as a whole. ex: Latin America, Eastern Europe eight years of schooling considerable inequality |
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Low-income countries |
nations with low standard of living in which most people are poor. ex: Africa, Asia poor housing, unsafe water, but less inequality |
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C. Wright Mills |
Society, not individuals, is the main cause of poverty and other social issues sociological imagination link history with biography |
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Sociological imagination |
Turning personal problems into public issues is the key to bringing people together (individual unemployment vs large scale unemployment) |
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Global awareness |
logical extension of the sociological perspective |
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Why compare to the United States? |
where we live shapes lives we lead increasingly connected societies problems here are more serious elsewhere global thinking is a good way to learn about ourselves |
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Where did sociology originate? |
Powerful social forces (industrialization, French Revolution, enlightenment, rural to urban, communities) |
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18th and 19th centuries and effects on sociology |
factory based industrial economy explosive growth of cities democracy, political rights new energy sources impersonal work forces large scale production weakening of community influence |
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Urban migrant problems |
pollution, crime, homelessness |
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Enclosure movement |
reduction in tenet access and movement to city (change public land to private land) |
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Comte |
coined the term "sociology" Sociology is divided into 3 stage historical development importance of social integration during times of rapid change |
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Theological stage |
church in the Middle Age, society is an expression of God's will |
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Metaphysical stage |
Enlightenment + ideas of Hobbes, Locke, Smith, Rosseau |
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Scientific stage |
positivism, society operates according to laws |
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Theory |
statement of how and why specific facts are related |
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Theoretical approach |
basic images of society that guide thinking and research: structural-functional, social-conflict, symbolic-interaction |
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Structural-functional approach |
macro-level, broad patterns that shape society as a whole complex system in which parts work for solidarity and stability |
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Social structure |
any relatively stable patterns of social behavior found in social institutions (SF) |
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Social function |
consequences for operation of society as a whole (SF) |
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Manifest function |
recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern (SF) |
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Latent function |
unrecognized and unintended consequences of any social pattern (SF) |
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Emile Clark |
helped establish society as a discipline (SF) |
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Herbert Spencer |
compared society to the human body (SF) |
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Robert K. Merton |
manifest functions are recognized, latent are not, social dysfunctions are undesirable consequences (SF) |
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Social-conflict approach |
Societyis an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change dominant group vs. disadvantaged group |
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Gender-conflict theory |
focuses on inequality between women and men (SC) |
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Race-conflict theory |
focuses on inequality between races and ethnic groups (SC) |
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Karl Marx |
focus on importance of social class in inequality and social conflict (SC) |
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WEB Du Bois |
focus on race as major problem in 20th century (SC) |
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Harriet Martineau |
first female sociologist, translated Comte, documented evils of slavery, argued to protect factory workers, changes in education for women |
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Jane Addams |
sociological pioneer, developed Hull House, dealt with immigration and pursuit of peace, won Nobel Prize (SC) |
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Ida Wells Barnett |
born to slave parents but rose to be a teacher and more, campaigned for racial equality (SC) |
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Symbolic-interaction approach |
Micro-level, closeup focus on social interactions in situations, society is the product ofeveryday interactions of individuals. Sharedreality |
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Max Weber |
understanding setting from people in it (SI) |
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George Herbert Mead |
how we build personalities from social experience (SI)
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Sam Richards |
Ted talk, sociology starts with empathy |
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Steps of a sociological experiment |
Question -> literature review -> hypothesis -> operationalize -> variables/indicators -> data collection -> results -> interpret -> publish |
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4 kinds of sourcing data |
conduct an experiment survey research field work available/existing data |
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Positivism |
study of society based on systematic observation of social behavior objective reality exists |
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Hawthorne effect |
change in a subject's behavior caused simply by the awareness of being studied (Stanford Prison Experiment) |
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Survey |
research method in which subjects respond to a series of statements or questions on a questionnaire or in an interview most widely used, well suited for studying what cannot be observed directly |
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Participant observation |
method in which investigators systematically observe people while joining them in their routine activities |
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Interpretive sociology |
study of society that focuses on meanings people attach to their social world (Weber pioneered this) reality is subjective |
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Critical sociology |
the study of society that focuses on the need for social change (Marx), rejects idea that researchers should be value free |
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spurious correlation |
something else influences two different things and makes them look correlated |
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Society |
people who interact in a defined territory and share a culture |
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Gerhard Lenski |
Changes in society occur when new technology is acquired |
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Sociocultural evolution |
changes that occur when a society gains new technology (Lenski) Hunting/Gathering -> Horticultural/Pastoral -> Agrarian -> Industrial -> Postindustrial |
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Hunting/Gathering Societies |
primitive weapons, small groups, nomadic, family centered, little inquality |
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Horticultural/Pastoral |
hand tools, domestication, several hundred, small settlements, family-centered, increased inequality |
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Agrarian societies |
plows, millions of people, family loses significance, extensive specialization, extreme social inequality, money, elites |
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Industrial societies |
advanced energy, millions of people, cities, highly specialized, lessening inequality over time, change faster than ever before |
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Postindustrial societies |
computers, pop decentralizes, information, societies linked, more jobs for clerical workers |
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Karl Marx (society changing) |
Society changes due to class conflict, social conflict |
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Social institutions |
major spheres of social life or societal subsystems organized to meet human needs, most important to Marx is economy (Marx) |
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False consciousness |
explaining social problems as shortcomings of individuals rather than as flaws of society, hides real cause of problems |
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Class consciousness |
workers' recognition of themselves as a class unified in opposition to capitalists and ultimately to capitalism itself |
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Alienation |
experience of isolation and misery resulting from powerlessness |
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Alienation from act of working |
Denies workers say in what they make, how they make it Repetition of routine tasks |
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Alienation from products of work |
Product belongs to capitalists who sell it for profit |
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Alienation from other workers |
Work competitive rather than cooperative, little chance for companionship |
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Alienation from human potential |
worker does not fulfill himself in work but denies himself activity turned into dull and dehumanizing experience |
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Max Weber: Idealism and Rationalism |
human ideas shape society, how people think about the world |
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Ideal type |
abstract statement of the essential characteristics of any social phenomenon ex: industrial and preindustrial |
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Emile Durkheim: Society and Function |
society is more than those who compose it, patterns exist as social facts |
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Anomie |
condition in which society provides little moral guidance to individuals |
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Mechanical solidarity |
social bonds based on common sentiments and shared moral values that are strong among preindustrial societies |
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Organic solidarity |
social bonds based on specialization and interdependence that are strong among members of industrial societies we rely more on people we trust less |
