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52 Cards in this Set

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  • Back
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What was the social democratic perspective of education?

1. Equality of opportunity leading to economic growth


2. Comprehensive schools

What was the neolibral perspective of education?

1. New Right perspective


2. Marketisation (buisness practices needed to be used to reduce costs and increase standards)

What is another name for the Butler Act 1944?

Tripartite system

What was the aim of the Butler Act 1944?

Give every pupil an equal chance to develop and maximise their abilities within a free education system

What was the tripartite system?

1. Grammar schools ("bright" pupils 20%)


2. Technical schools (skill for technical subjects 5% as not many built)


3. Secondary modern schools (less academic but more practical)

Different types of schools

What was an advantage of comprehensive schools?

Fairer system as everyone should recieve the same education

What were disadvantages of comprehensive schools?

1. Mixed abilities hold back some children


2. Not all teachers are as skilled


3. Conflict (e.g. bullying)


4. Lack of individuality (e.g. uniform)


5. Grammar/private schools still existed


6. Lack of funding (e.g. staff, resources)

What was the educational triage?

Comprehensive schools still resembled the tripartite system by seperating ability

Sets in school vs different schools (grammar, technical, secondary)

What were the 5 factors of the Reform Act 1988?



1. National curriculum


2. Parental choice


3. Key stages


4. SATs


5. League tables/ Ofsted





What was introduced which effected how schools taught and were rated?

What were some problems of the Reform Act 1988?

1. SATs (too much pressure on children who are intellegent but aren't good at exams)


2. Ofsted reports (planned so staff and students on good behaviour)


3. National curriculum (can't tailor to help children understand and old methods became irrelevent limiting teachers)

SATs, Ofsted; curriculum

What did Mirian say about how parents effect education?

Parentocracy (parental choice increases diversity, meets individual's needs and raises standards)

Parental choice

What were the aims of the New Labour and Education Policy 1997?

1. Unqualified workers need to recieve education to provide them with opportunities


2. Workers need to be more flexible with skills in jobs

Improving workers

What methods have been introduced to increase achievement of poorer students?

1. Homework clubs


2. Education Action Zones (EMA)


3. Academies


4. EMA (money so students don't leave education for a job)

Clubs or changes introduced to schools to benefit poorer students

What neolibral changes were made to education?

1. Specialist schools


2. Tuition fees (contradicts EMA providing money but tuition taking money)


3. Raised school leaving age

What social democratic changes were made to improve achievement?

1. Homework clubs


2. Education Action schools


3. EMA


4. Aim Higher (campaign promoting university)


5. Raised school leaving age (stopped students leaving for employment)


6. Academies

Education promotion campaigns or changes to schools

What were free schools and how do they impact equal education?

1. Can start a new school if unhappy with the quality of others


2. Only middle class can afford it and have the skills needed

What made free schools unavailable to the working class?

What were academies and how do they impact equal education?

1. Removed lower scoring schools providing a better education in deprived areas


2. Middle class could afford to move houses to better schools or pay tutors

How were the working class still disadvantaged?

What are tuition fees and how do they impact equal education?

1. Have to pay approximately £30000 for a higher education


2. Discouraged the working class due to the cost contradicting EMAs funding to stay in education

Contradicting EMAs (funding for poorer pupils)

How was the curriculum reformed and how does this impact equal education?

1. Removed coursework and exam re-sits


2. Undermined everyone saying the grades were easy and not worked for

How did the reforms undermine the working class?

Outline and explain two educational policies designed to reduce gender inequality

1. National Curriculum 1988 taught the same subjects regardless of gender increasing girls in higher education and dismissing girls needing higher marks


2. GIST (Girls into Science and Technology) reduced gender differences in subject choice

Same subjects taught and more girls in male subjects (e.g. science)

Outline 3 government policies that may have reduced social class differences in educational achievement

1. EMA allowed children to progress without dropping out for employment


2. Education Action Zones provide funding in deprived areas


3. Homework clubs provide space for successful learning and studying

Social democratic changes in education to benefit poorer students

Who did Willis study?

12 white "lads" who were non-conforming

What did Willis' study show?

That the attitude of the "lads" continued into employment so they struggled for jobs and did as little work as possible due to a lack of qualifications and mainly wanted "real" labour jobs

Definition of value laden

Bias

What is a Fordist system?

Labelling workers to specific unskilled jobs disassociating them from the work allowing for cheap fast labour

How was the production line better to allow more people to afford vehicles?

How is Post-Fordism different to Fordism?

Post-Fordism includes flexible specialisation with skilled specialised workers

What were Willis' key consepts?

1. Fordism


2. Myth of Meritocracy


3. Conformity


4. Post-Fordism


5. Disassociation

What were Althusser's key consepts?

1. Postmodernism


2. Ideological state apparatus (maintaining wealth through norms and values)


3. Indoctrination


4. Repressive state apparatus (maintaining wealth through physical force)

What were Bowles and Gintis' key consepts?

1. Capitalism


2. Hidden curriculum (e.g. appearance)


3. Correspondence principle


4. Hierarchy of Authority

What is the hidden curriculum?

Teaching children how to behave and conform within a working enviroment to promote Capitalism

How school links to the workplace

What is the myth of meritocracy?

Everyone can equally achieve but this dismisses other factors (e.g. gender, ethnicity, social class)

What are 3 factors of the formal organisation?

1. Curriculum and timetable


2. Uniform rules


3. Punishment systems

What rules at school link to the workplace?

What are 3 factors of the informal organisation?

1. Pupil and teacher interaction


2. Labelling


3. Pupil subcultures

What can effect a pupils education?

What are examples of Becker's ideal pupil?

1. Well behaved/conforming


2. Intelligent


3. Respectful


4. Organised/punctual


5. Motivated/inspired


6. Well presented

What are examples of sub-classes?

1. "Lads"


2. Punk


3. Nerd


4. Hipster


5. Goth

Definition of differential attainment

Different rate of achievement

Definition of social mobility

Changing and improving social class (usually lower classes improving)

Definition of meritocracy

Hardwork is the reason for achievement and success

What is material deprivation?

Inability to afford products and goods

What is cultural deprivation?

Language, attitudes and values (LAV) towards education

LAV

What is economic capital?

Money/wealth

What is social capital?

Connections and social networks ("who you know not what you know") adavantaging the upper classes

What did Harker say about the housing of those who are materially deprived?

Overcrowding makes it harder to study and may impair development and disturb sleep due to overcrowding

Sharing bedrooms and overcrowding

What did Waldfogel and Washbrook say about the housing of those who are materially deprived?

Low income families are more likely to live in unsafe housing

Safety and wage

What did Howard say about the diet and health of those who are materially deprived?

Lower intake of vitamins and nutrients means a lower attendance and a lack of focus due to increased illness

Increased illness effecting education

Definition of deferred gratification

Making sacrifices and commitments early for a long-term reward

What is fatalism?

Accepting that fate cannot be changed ("what will be, will be")

What is the self-fulfilling prophecy?

Accepting and becoming the stereotype labelled (e.g. disruptive)

What is social class identity?

How you view yourself based on income, job and background

Definition of habitus

Taken for granted ways of thinking linking to language, attitude, values and mainly preferences (middle class habitus is seen as superior)

Ways of thinking (preferences)

What is symbolic violence?

Deeming someone's preferences (habitus) as tasteless/worthless withholding symbolic capital

What is Nike identity?

Valuing appearance and wealth/materialistic items as more important than grades/qualifications for self-worth