Sociology Chapter 7-Deviant Behavior And Social Control

Front 1

What is the misleading definition of deviance, Absolutist.

Back 1

Anything that is deviant here is deviant everywhere. If it is deviant here, it will be deviant there.

*This is not true (Example: Murder vs. killing people in war)

Front 2

Define statistical rarity. (Another misleading definition of deviance)

Back 2

Anything that departs from the statistical norm of frequency is deviant. Basically, if it is uncommon, it is deviant.

Example: Someone having five new cars at thad

Front 3

What is Social + Individual harm? (Another misleading definition of deviance)

Back 3

To be deviant it must cause social and individual harm.

*This is not true. For example cheating on a test does not cause harm to anyone really but is deviant.

Front 4

Define: An act criminal statues (Another misleading definition of deviance).

Back 4

For deviance to be deviant, it must be against the law.

*Not true

Front 5

What is Positive deviance? (Again, another misleading definition of deviance.)

Back 5

Anything that is good/desirable is deviant.

*Not true, for example if someone got 100% on all their tests, this is not deviant.

Front 6

What is the normative definition of deviance? (This is a fruitful definition of deviance.)

Back 6

Anything that departs from the social norm within a society is deviant.

*Even in the most deviant populations there is deviance.

Example: A drug dealer that won't sell to everyone.

Front 7

What is the reactive definition of deviance? (Another fruitful definition of deviance.)

Back 7

An act does not become deviant in till its responded to as such.

*In other words, no one can predict whats going to become deviant in the future.

Example: In the 70's people could never have predicted Gages or Mohawks would be popular/not deviant.

Front 8

Durkheim said that deviance services a function. He also said it causes people to..

Back 8

rededicate themselves to their social controls.

*Basically it redirects you to what is right and what needs to be done.

Front 9

What is the first function of deviance?

Back 9

It causes its members to close ranks.

*People will come together for a good cause because of what took place.

Example: Neighborhood watch group

Front 10

What is the second function of deviance?

Back 10

It prompts group members to organize in efforts to prevent future acts.

Example: Megan's Law

Front 11

What is the third function of deviance?

Back 11

Helps groups clarify what they actually believe in.

Example: Thaddeus would not take a donation from a drug dealer

Front 12

What is the fourth function of deviance?

Back 12

It teaches normal behavior by making examples out of rule/norm violators.

Front 13

There are also four dysfunctions of deviance. What is the first one?

Back 13

It threatens the social order. (Makes life unpredictable. Social life becomes difficult).

Example:He talked out a group party with some members having STDS.

Front 14

What is the second dysfunction of deviance?

Back 14

It causes norm confusion.

Example: If answers to a test would left on a table you had to walk by, would you look?

Front 15

What is the third & fourth dysfunction of deviance?

Back 15

3. It under minds trust.

4. It diverts valuable resources

Front 16

Under theories of crime and deviance there is the preclassical theory. What is the preclassical theory.

Back 16

It is supernatural. It focuses on spiritual or religious explanations for deviance.

-It says that people indulge due to demonic influence.

Front 17

What were some things believed in the preclassical theory?

Back 17

1. Believed to cleanse a person of their deviance that they must be purged of it. (exorcisms, bone crushing)

2.God would save you if you were indeed innocent.

3. Earth was a battle ground between good and evil and humans could not control their own behaviors because deviance is due to an demonic influence.

Front 18

True or False: In the preclassical theory, torture was used as a means to show guilt from innocence.

Back 18

True.

Front 19

In the preclassical theory/class there were 3 trails or methods of dispute settlement, what were the 3?

Back 19

1.Trail by battle

2. Trail by ordeal

3. Trail by compurgation

Front 20

What was trail by battle?

Back 20

Parties are engaged in combat. (Gladiator type of fighting)

Front 21

What is trail by ordeal?

Back 21

Suspect must be placed in a series of life threaten tests to determine innocence.

Front 22

What is trail by compurgation?

Back 22

When a character witness testifies on your behalf.

Front 23

The next theory of crime and deviance was the classical theory/class. What was this?

Back 23

It was a free will theory. It says people are in control of their actions and they indulge in deviance because they want to. *They have a choice.

Front 24

What were some things believed in the classical theory/class?

Back 24

1. They believed the punishment should fit the crime.

2. They believed criminals are rational beings/people that have an ability to calculate the pros and cons of their behavior before they do it.

3. They believe in hedonism.

Front 25

What is hedonism?

Back 25

People are pleasure seeks. (They must weigh the pain vs. pleasure principle before indulging in their deviance.)

Front 26

Who is Cesare beccaria?

Back 26

He dealt with punishment. He said for punishment to be effective it must be public, swift, necessary, and proportionate to the crime.

Front 27

Cesare beccaria believed in Utilitarianism. What is Utilitarianism?

Back 27

The greatest good for the greatest numbers.

Front 28

What is the positivist theory/class?

Back 28

1. This theory supported the preclassical to the extend that a person doesn't have control over their behaviors BUT positivists believed it was because of biology/genetics, not because of supernatural forces like the preclassical.

Front 29

True or False: Positivists believed in the scientific method and said to explain deviance someone would have to do research to validate their findings.

Back 29

True

Front 30

True or False: Theorists in the positivists class had no racial bias in explaining criminality.

Back 30

False: Theorist of this era had racial boas in explaining criminality.

*Some also explained deviance with racial inferiority with moral insensibility.

Front 31

Unlike the Classical theory saying that punishment should fit the crime, positivist theory says punishment should fit the.....

Back 31

Crime

*In other words, Punishment should be tailor made to fit the deviant person.

Front 32

Who was Cesare Lombroso?

Back 32

1.He was the father of modern criminology.

1a. but he was not a criminologist, he was a physician.

2.He linked criminality to the shape and size of the head.

Front 33

Cesare Lombroso initiated the focus to "phrenology", what is phrenology?

Back 33

The study of the skull

Front 34

True or False: Cesare Lombroso's studies took place in a prison morgue.

Back 34

True.

*He measured arms, chin, etc and found certain commonalities in certain criminal types.

Front 35

Who believed in a borne criminal? A borne criminal is also called a ?

Back 35

Cesare Lombroso and it is also called criminoloids.

Front 36

Cesare Lombroso believed the bigger the head the more likely.....?

Back 36

a person is to indulge in deviance

Front 37

Cesrae Lombroso came up with four criminal types, what were they?

Back 37

1. Insane criminal-not always insane but can be.

2. Born criminal

3. Occasional criminal

4. Criminal of passion

Front 38

What was the problem with Cesare Lombroso's studies?

Back 38

He had no comparison group

Front 39

Who was Richard Dugdale?

Back 39

1. He believed deviant behavior was passed down from genoration to genoration amoung the male lines but in the families where the males have this trait and the women don't, he believed the women would marry another man with the deviant trait.

2. He investigated the Jukes

3. The problem with his study was he only investigated the Jukes family so he had no way to compare his study.

Front 40

Who was William Sheldon?

Back 40

1.He said that criminality is linked to different body types.

2.He studied the trunk of a person and stated that you could predict behavior based on body type.

Front 41

William Sheldon came up with three body types, what where they?

Back 41

1. Endomorph- Fat, round, jolly, flasher type

2. Ectomorph- thin, frail, these people became burglars, thieves, and were secretive in nature.

3. Mesomorph- muscular, aggressive. He was most concerned with this type because aggression lead to violence.

Front 42

What is the theory of xxy?

Back 42

It says that males that have the additional y chormozone are more likely to be aggressive, be taller, and have per-mature growth

Front 43

What is social learning?

Back 43

says a crime is learned by behavior

Front 44

Who came up with differential association under the subject of social learning?

Back 44

Edwin Sutherland He came up with a list of nine different propositions, but first 3 are the most important

Front 45

What are the 3 most important propositions edwin sutherland came up with under differential association?

Back 45

1. Crime/behavior is learned

2. It is learned in small intimate groups

3. Its learned through the interaction process with others

*Younger powerless look up to the older more powerful people.

Front 46

Under social learning, what did Gabriel Tarde do?

Back 46

He came up with the laws of limation

*This is how people imitate those in power.

*Copy cat criminals-make crime look appealing

Front 47

Under social learning, who came up with differential reinforcement and what is it?

Back 47

Ron Archers- and it is when individuals receive positive reinforcement for deviant behavior. It increases the likelihood that a person will stay deviant.

Front 48

What is the functionalist school/theory?

Back 48

It says crime and deviance must exist in order to keep a balance in society and avoid chaos. Also to set boundaries on what is right and wrong.

It also says the organization and size of society is important to remain in balance.

Front 49

Under the functionalist school/theory emile Derkheim did what?

Back 49

He did the division of labor in society study and broke society into two parts, mechanical and organic.

Front 50

What did Derkheim say the mechanical part of society was?

Back 50

1. It is all about the size and how its organized

2. It is a small closed knit society with little diversity.

3. Everything is handled inside this society (like devaint behavior) because the moral code keeps them together

4. The society is characterized by it's "Collective conscience" (Everyone believes the same thing) of its "Totality of likeness"(If everyone is not the same the deviant person will stick out).

Front 51

What is the organic part of society?

Back 51

1. These are larger societies that have many mechanical societies in them.

2. This means diversity is the key to this society but makes life difficult because moral order is weakened as society expands.

Front 52

Derkheim also stated that the only way to keep society in balance is through_______ & _____ of ____.

Back 52

Specialization & division of labor.

* With out specialization society becomes anomic (normless).

Front 53

Under the functionalist theory/school, who came up with strain theory?

Back 53

Robert Merton

Front 54

What is strain theory?

Back 54

1.This theory deals with how society over emphasis how successful you are by how much money you make.

2.This theory says everyone does not have equal access to the same success goals.

Front 55

Robert said that there is a gap between cultural goals and the means to reach them. He developed what to explain the different ways people adapt?

Back 55

He developed the Modes of Adaptation

Front 56

The Modes of Adaptation say people adapt to anomie (the gap) in 5 different ways. What are those 5 ways?

Back 56

1. Conformist

2. Innovator

3. Ritualist

4. Retreatist

5. Rebel

Front 57

What is a conformist?

Back 57

Conformists accept culture goals and the means to achieve them. They follow the laws and have everything they need/will do anything they can legally to reach these goals.

Front 58

What is an Innovator?

Back 58

Innovators accept culture goals but reject the means to achieve them. Basically, these people will use deviant means to achieve to reach the same goals as conformists.

Front 59

What is a Ritualist?

Back 59

A Ritualist to not accept the culture goals but do accept the means to achieve them. These people can not reach the same goals as conformists because they don't have the means(example:less education) so they reduce these goals so they can reach them but they will do this with out using deviance

Front 60

What is a Retreatist?

Back 60

A Retreatist do not accept cultural goals nor the means to achieve them. These people believe as long as they have friends they will be alright. They live day by day.

Front 61

What is a Rebel?

Back 61

A rebel rejects goals and means by substituting them with their own.

Front 62

Who was Albert K. Cohen?

Back 62

He was known for a study that focused on the structure of society and how inequalities arise as a result of social stratification.

Front 63

What is social stratification?

Back 63

Social Stratification talks about the lower, middle, and upper classes. It states the lower class must use illegitimate means theory but the middle and upper classes have the highest chance of success.

Front 64

What is the illegitimate means theory?

Back 64

When illegitimate routes to achieve goals are blocked, delinquent lower class boys will use illegitimate means to achieve the same goals.

Front 65

What is the middle class measuring rod?

Back 65

A theory that examines the amount of conflict that exists between middle class teachers

and lower class boys.

*The middle class teachers could not identify with lower class values, so they would attempt to place their values on the lower class but they lower class could not reach them, got frustrated, so they used illegitimate means to make it appear as they reached these goals.

Front 66

What is the social control theory?

Back 66

This theory focuses on why do people conform or why do they obey the law?

Front 67

Under Social Control Theory, who was Travis Hirschi?

Back 67

He came up with the Social Bonding Theory

Front 68

What is the Social Bonding Theory?

Back 68

It says people conform because they do not want to break the ties that they have formed with significant others(positive) in society.

Basically, they do not want to break the bonds with the people they care about.

Front 69

Travis Hirschi said with what 4 elements you will conform if it is positive and you will not break the law?

Back 69

1. Attachment-Have strong attachments to other people so you will conform to that, not become deviant.

2. Commitment- Committed to achieving goals, you have less time to be deviant or focus on anything else.

3. Involvement- involved in structured activities, don't have the time to be deviant.

4. Beliefs(moral)-Strong moral beliefs. These people are least likely to indulge in deviance.

Front 70

Who was Gresham Sykes and David Matza?

Back 70

They came up with neutralization theory. This is a theory that examines how individuals neutralize their bonds to society by making excuses to rationalize their deviant behavior.

*They know their wrong but they need to convince themselves and others that they are not.

Front 71

Gresham Sykes and David Matza came up with 5 techniques of neutralization, what were they?

Back 71

1. Denial of Responsibility-make excuses why they shouldn't be held accountable.

2. Denial of Injury-No harm was done by their actions.

3. Denial of Victim-Victim got what they deserved

4. Condemnation of condemner-find fault in individuals blaming you or authority figures.

5. Appeal to higher loyalties-Justify your behavior by placing your peers above the law.

Front 72

What did Walter Reckless do?

Back 72

He cam up with containment theory. This theory examined what pushes a person away from criminality vs. what pulls them in.

Front 73

Walter Reckless came up with 2 divisions for his theory, what were they?

Back 73

1. Inner containment- Self- concept, goal orientation, frustration tolerance, and norm retention. *What you have on inside.

2. Outer containment- represents all the people that mean something to you.

Front 74

What is the Interactionist School?

Back 74

Basically says criminality is based on societies reaction to an action.

*Deviance/crime is not deviant/crime in till someone reacts to it being such.

Front 75

Under the interactionist school (the labeling school), who was Frank Tannenbaum?

Back 75

He examined the form that a label takes after a person has been tagged.

Front 76

Who was Edwin Lemert?

Back 76

Known for distinguishing primary from secondary deviance.

Front 77

What did Edwin Lemert define primary and secondary deviance as?

Back 77

1. Primary deviance- deviance that occurs in secret

2. Secondary deviance- is deviance that is caught and labeled

*In other words, a deviant person isn't deviant in till they get caught.

Front 78

Who came up with the Outsiders and what was it?

Back 78

Howard Becker and the outsiders said whenever people are labeled, its likely they will find others that share the same label. If they share the same label they can find positive reinforcement from others who are like them.