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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
What is a Society?
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people who live in a specific geographic territory, interact with one another, and share elements of a common culture.
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What happened in the first great technological revolution that sociologist call the agricultural revolution?
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farming societies emerged and began to supplant them.
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What did the Industrial Revolution produce?
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much larger populations, many more goods and services, urbanization, militarization, and erosion and disappearance of thousands of rural communities.
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What has the third major revolution produced?
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the information revolution- computers and other advanced technologies.
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What is a sociocultural evolution?
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a process in which societies grow more complex in terms of technology, social structure, and cultural knowledge over time.
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What do all contemporary societies share?
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they all are characterized by large-scale social structures that span the globe and link billions of people
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link
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hunting gathering society
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a society in which people make their living by hunting, collecting wild foods, and fishing with simple technologies.
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hunting
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pastoral society
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society that depends for its livelihood on domestic animals
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domestic animals
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horticultural society
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society in which hand tools are used to grow domesticated crops
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domesticated crops
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agrarian society
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society that depends on crops raised with plows, draft animals, and intensive agricultural methods.
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agricultural methods
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What do post industrial societies require in order to function?
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most advanced technologies
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What is the first trend evident in postindustrial societies promoted by technomedia?
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a polarization of society into "haves" and "have-nots" in terms of both wealth and infromation
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What is the second trend evident in post industrial societies promoted by technomedia?
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a growing individualism and widespread disengagement from face-to-face social interaction and collective action
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What has supplanted local community life?
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Virtual communities
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What is culture?
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the learned set of beliefs, values, and material goods shared by group members.
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every thing learned in groups during the life course- from infancy to old age.
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What are the two major components that make up culture?
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material and non material culture.
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Material culture
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includes artifacts, art, architecture, and other tangible goods that create and assign meanings.
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Nonmaterial culture
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refers to mental blue prints that serve as guidelines for group behavior. Include collective assumptions, languages, beliefs, values, norms, and attitudes of groups
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what is a symbol?
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anything to which group members assign meaning.
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What are beliefs?
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assertions about the nature of reality.
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What do beliefs provide?
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fundamental orientation to the world and answer questions about proper relations among people, good and evil, and the destiny of humans and the universe.
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values
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shared ideas about what is socially desirable
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What are the U.S. core values?
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1. individualism and freedom
2. equality 3. achievement 4. effieciency and practicality 5. progress and technology 6. material comfort and consumerism 7. work and leisure |
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Norms
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expectations and rules for proper conduct that guide the behavior of group members. Provide guidelines that tell members how they should think or act.
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What do norms provide that tell members how they should think or act in any given social situation?
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guidelines
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What are the four major kinds of norms?
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folkways, mores, laws, and taboos
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What is the most common norm?
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Folkways
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What are folkways?
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informal rules and expectations that guide people's every day behavior. Include things such as etiquette, table manners, proper appearance, and many simple day behaviors that include "self control"
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proscriptive norms
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norms we should not do. example: cheat on exams
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prescriptive norms
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norms we should do. example: take and pass exams
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Mores
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salient norms that people consider essential to the proper working of society. Have considerable moral significance and are closely tied to values.
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the "thou Shalt not's" steal, commit adultery, or commit murder, and other "sacred commandments"are serious ______.
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What do mores protect?
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good and right.
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Formal Sanctions
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rewards or punishments administered by specialized agents of society.
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What do important mores become encoded into?
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laws
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laws
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formal rules enacted and enforced by the power of the state, which apply to member of society.
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taboos
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prohibitions against behaviors that most members of a group consider to be so repugnant they are unthinkable.
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example: eating human flesh, parent-child and sibling sex.
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What enforces the use if sanctions?
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norms
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sanctions
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penalties or rewards society encourage conformity and punish deviance.
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Example: parents are expected to feed, clothe, and care for their children.
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culture shock
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feelings of confusion and disorientation that occur when a person encounters a different culture.
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etnnocentrism
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tendency to evaluate the customs of other groups according to one's own cultural standards
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Ethnocentrism can enhance a group stability by providing members with?
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roots and strong sense of meaning and purpose.
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cultural relativism
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asks that we evaluate other cultures according to their standards, not ours
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subcultures
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groups that share many elements of mainstream culture but maintain their own distinctive customs, values, norms, and lifestyles.
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with in organizations, management and workers maintain their own symbols, specialized languages, and material culture.
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countercultures
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reject the conventional wisdom and standards of behavior of the majority and provide alternatives to mainstream culture.
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theory of marginality
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marginal status of adolescence has contributed to the proliferation of youth subcultures and even countercultures.
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what does multiculturalism recognize?
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recognizes cultural diversity as a national asset rather than a liability.
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Multiculturalism
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encourages respect and appreciation for cultural difference.
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assimilationist approach
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demands that immigrant groups abandon their cultural heritage and adopt the traditions of the host group.
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popular culture
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comprises tastes and creations that appeal to the masses.
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Example of popular culture
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prime time television, Elvis statues, live concerts by popular artists, ect.
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ideal culture
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what people should do, according to group, norms and values
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real culture
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what people do in everyday social interaction
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cultural lag
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inconsistencies in a cultural system, especially in the relationship between technology and nonmaterial culture
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cultural ecological approach
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examines the relationship between a culture and its total environment.
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What to functionalist contend in the cultural ecological approach?
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that we must examine the full context of the practice to understand it
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Functionalism shows how the cultural practices.....
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"fit together" (cultural integration)
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cultural hegemony
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the dominant of cultural industries by elite groups. include: educational system, religion, family, and media.
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According to the conflict perspective what is not necessarily a product of consensus and "social need"?
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values, beliefs, and traditions of a nation or society
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What does the interactionist approach focus on?
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how individuals and groups use symbols to define and interpret reality. this emphasizes that people everywhere live in "symbolic worlds"
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What are the three revolutions that have changed our cultural life?
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1. Agricultural Revolution
2. Industrial Revolution 3. Information revolution |
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What do postindustrial societies require?
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the most advanced technologies in order to function. Examples: high tech computers, robotics, laser technology, ect.
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