Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Auguste Comte
|
Founder of sociology. He began to analyze social life with scientific method.
|
|
Herbert Spence
|
He created Social Darwinism- helping the poor was wrong, should let weak to perish to make the society better.
|
|
Emile Durkheim
|
Analyzed how social integration influence human behavior especially in regards to suicide rate.
|
|
Max Weber
|
Theorized connections between capitalism and protestant religion.
|
|
Karl Marx
|
Roots of human misery lay in class conflict and overthrowing of bourgeoisie by proletariat is the only solution to the problem.
|
|
Harriet Martineau
|
Born in england, one of very few female sociologists in 19 century. Wrote Society in America.
Known for translating writing of Comte. |
|
Jane Adams
|
Co-founded Hull-House with Ellen g. Starr. Social reformer and women's rights activist.
|
|
W.E.B. DuBois
|
An activist for African American people's right. Wrote The Philadelphia Negro and The Souls of Black Folk.
Analyzed changes that occurred to African Americans during 30 years after Civil War. |
|
C. Wright Mills
|
He warned "the power elite", the top leaders of business, politics and military, would restrict freedom of American people.
|
|
Sociological perspective/ sociological imagination
|
Understanding human behavior from broader social context.
|
|
Society
|
A group of people who share a culture and a territory.
|
|
Scientific method
|
Objective systematic observation used to test theories.
|
|
Positivism
|
The idea of applying the scientific method to the social world.
|
|
Sociology
|
The study of society
|
|
Social integration
|
The degree to which people are tied to their social group.
|
|
Applied sociology
|
sociological research whose purpose is to solve problems of society.
|
|
Basic (pure) sociology
|
Sociological research whose purpose is to make discoveries.
|
|
Theory
|
General statement about how some parts of the world fit together.
|
|
Symbolic interaction
|
One of three theoretical frameworks sociology use to interpret social life. It examines how people use symbols to develop and share their views of the world.
|
|
Functional analysis (functionalism, structural funtionalism)
|
Second of three theoretical frameworks used by sociologists. It is based on an idea that for society to function smoothly, it's parts must work together.
|
|
What are two other ways of calling functional analysis?
|
Functionalism
Structural functionalism |
|
Function
|
Beneficial consequences of people's actions.
|
|
Manifest function
|
Intended primary function
|
|
Latent function
|
Unintentional, secondary function
|
|
Dysfunction
|
Harmful consequences of people's actions.
|
|
Conflict theory
|
The third theoretical framework used by sociologist. It is based on an idea that society is composed of groups that are competing with one another for scarce resouces.
|
|
Macro level
|
To examine large- scale patterns of society- functionalism, conflict theory
|
|
Latent dysfunction
|
Unintentional, disruptive consequences of people's actions.
|
|
Micro level
|
To examine social interaction of people.
- symbolic interactionism |
|
nonverbal interaction
|
Communication done through gestures, silence, use of space.
|
|
Hypothesis
|
Statement of what you expect to find according to predictions from a theory.
|
|
Variables
|
Factors that change
|
|
Research method
|
The means used to collect data.
|
|
Validity
|
The extent to which the data
collected gives a true measurement / description of "social reality." How accurately collected data measures what it claims to be measuring. |
|
Reliability
|
Accuracy of measuring procedure.
(Repeatable) |
|
Sample
|
Narrowed down target population.
|
|
Random sample
|
Method of selecting a portion of target population using tables of random numbers. It included the same demographic groups as the whole population.
|
|
Population
|
The target group that you are going to study.
|
|
Closed end questions
|
Questions followed by a list of possible answers to choose from.
|
|
Open ended questions
|
Questions which allow people to answer in their own words.
|
|
Participant observation
|
Method of research in which a researcher collect data, while he participate in the event studied.
|
|
Experiment
|
Observation made in controlled environment, where variables can be isolated.
|
|
Experiment group
|
Group that received a treatment or an intervention.
|
|
Control group
|
Group that did not receive any treatments or interventions.
|
|
Independent variable
|
Something that causes a change in another variable (dependent variable).
|
|
Dependent variable.
|
The variable that may change due to independent variable.
|
|
Unobtrusive measures
|
Observing behavior of people who are not aware that they are being studied.
|
|
Secondary analysis
|
Analyzing data others have collected.
|
|
Value free
|
Sociologist value should not affect research.
|
|
Values
|
Beliefs about what is good or desirable in life.
|
|
Who is the father and founder of sociology?
|
Auguste Comte
|
|
Who is associated with "Social Darwinism"?
|
Herbert Spencer
|
|
What major theory is Karl Marx associated with?
|
Class conflict can be only be resolved by revolution of proletariat.
|
|
What are three major theories ( sociological perspectives) used in sociology?
|
Symbolic interactionism
Functional analysis Conflict theory |
|
What is the difference between "manifest" and "latent" functions?
|
Intentional primary function and unintentional secondary function.
|
|
What is a "dysfunction" or "latent dysfunction function"?
|
Dysfunction- consequences of people's action that harm a society.
Latent function is unintentional consequences of people's action that harm a society. |
|
What is the difference between "applied sociology" and "basic sociology"?
|
Applied sociology- Sociology used to solve problems in a society.
Basic sociology- Sociological study done to make new discoveries. |
|
What are different research method used in scientific sociology? (6)
|
Survey
Participant observation (fieldwork) Secondary analysis Documents Experiments Unobtrusive measures |
|
What are two groups used in experiments?
|
Experimental group
Control group |
|
What is the difference between open and closed ended questions?
|
Open ended question- people can use their own words to answer.
Closed ended question- people have to choose from a list of answers. |
|
Culture
|
Language, beliefs, values, norms and material objects that passed from one generation to the next.
|
|
Material culture
|
Culture that consists of objects such as art, buildings, clothing, weapons and tools.
|
|
Non material culture
|
Group's way of thinking and its patterns of behavior.
|
|
Culture shock
|
Disorientation experienced by an individual who comes in contact with another culture.
|
|
Ethnocentrism
|
A tendancy to use our own group's ways of doing things as a yardstick for judging others.
|
|
Cultural relativism
|
Understanding a culture on its own terms.
|
|
Symbol
|
Something to which people attach meaning and use to communicate with one another.
|
|
Gesture
|
Movements of the body to communicate with others.
|
|
Language
|
Symbols that can be combined for the purpose of communicating abstract thought.
|
|
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
|
Language both reflect and shapes our cultural experiences/ thought and perceptions.
(Language embedded within it ways of looking at the world.) |
|
Values
|
The idea of what is desirable in life.
|
|
Norms
|
Expectations that develop out of a group's value.
|
|
Sanctions
|
Reaction people receive for following or breaking norms.
|
|
Positive sanctions and negative sanctions.
|
Positive- approval for following a norm.
Negative- disapproval for breaking a norm. |
|
Folkway
|
Norms that are not strictly enforced.
|
|
Mores
|
Behaviors that are essential to our core values and the group demand conformity.
|
|
Taboo
|
Norm so strongly ingrained that even though of its violation is greeted with revulsion.
|
|
Subculture
|
A group of people with a culture of their own.
|
|
Counterculture
|
A group of people with a culture that are at odds with the dominant culture.
|
|
Pluralistic society
|
Society made up of different groups.
|
|
Ideal culture
|
The values, norms, and goals that a group considers ideal.
|
|
Real culture
|
Norms and values that people actually follow.
|
|
Technology
|
Tools, skills and procedures necessary to make and use those tools.
|
|
New technology
|
An emerging technology that has a significant impact on social life.
|
|
Cultural lag
|
When one part of a culture change, other parts lag behind.
Ex. Outmoded customs |
|
Cultural diffusion
|
Cultures spreading to different parts of the world.
|
|
Cultural leveling
|
a process in which cultures become similar to one another.
|
|
What is the difference between material and non-material culture?
|
Material- things in the culture such as art, jewelry, buildings, weapons, machines, eating utensils, hairstyles, clothing.
Non material- the culture's way of thinking, belief, values and other assumption about the world. |
|
What are the different components of symbolic culture?
|
Gestures, languages, values, norms, sanctions, folkways, mores
|
|
What are norms?
|
Expectation developed out of a group's value.
|
|
What is the difference between "folkways", "mores", and "taboos"?
|
People do not strictly enforce folkways, even though it is a preferred way, while they demand to conform to mores- attending a business meeting in a clown suit. Taboos are something the culture absolutely prohibits- homicide
|
|
Define "Ideal culture" and "real culture".
|
Ideal culture- values, norms and goals that the culture considers ideal.
Real culture- values and norms that people actually follow. Recycle, Green energy, Fitness |
|
What is a subculture?
|
A GROUP whose values and behavior distinguish them from the general culture.
|
|
What is a countercultre?
|
A GROUP with values that stand in opposition to those of dominant culture.
|
|
Define culture shock.
|
Disorientation experienced by an individual, when he/she encounters another culture.
|
|
What is a "cultural lag"?
|
When one part of the culture changes, other parts remains the same as before.
Cup that contained urine sanitized. Young population using computers, while older ones feels lost. |
|
What is the difference between ethnocentrism and cultural relativism?
|
Ethnocentrism- Using their own group's norms as a standard to measure other cultures.
Cultural relativism- Understanding other cultures on their own term without judgment. |