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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
ascribed characteristic
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Any physical trait that is biological in origin and/or cannot be changed, to which people assign overwhelming significance.
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bourgeoisie
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The owners of the means of production (such as land, machinery, buildings, and tools), who purchase labor.
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concepts
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Thinking and communication tools used to give and receive complex information efficiently and to frame and focus observations.
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control variables
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Variables suspected of causing spurious correlations.
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correlation coefficient
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A mathematical representation that quantifies the extent to which a change in one variable is associated with a change in another variable.
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dependent variable
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The variable to be explained or predicted.
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documents
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Written or printed materials used in research.
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facade of legitimacy
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An explanation that members of dominant groups give to justify their actions.
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function
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The contribution part of a society makes to order and stability within the society.
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generalizability
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The extent to which findings can be applied to the larger population from which a sample is drawn.
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Hawthorne effect
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A phenomenon in which research subjects alter their behavior when they learn they are being observed.
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households
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All related and unrelated persons who share the same dwelling.
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hypothesis
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A trial explanation put forward as the focus of research it predicts how independent and dependent variables are related and how a dependent variable will change when an independent variable changes.
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independent variable
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The variable that explains or predicts the dependent variable.
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interviews
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Face-to-face or telephone conversations between an interviewer and a respondent, in which the interviewer asks questions and records the respondent's answers.
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latent functions
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Unintended or unanticipated effects that part of a society has on order and stability within the society.
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manifest functions
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Intended or anticipated effects that part of a society has on order and stability within the society.
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methods of data collection
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The procedures a researcher follows to gather relevant data.
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nonparticipant observation
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A research technique in which the researcher merely observes but does not interact with the study subjects or become involved in their daily life.
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objectivity
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A stance in which researchers' personal, or subjective, views do not influence their observations or the outcomes of their research.
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observation
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A research technique in which the researcher watches, listens to, and records behavior and conversations as they happen.
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operational definitions
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Clear, precise definitions and instructions about how to observe and/or measure the variables under study.
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participant observation
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A research technique in which the researcher observes study participants while directly interacting with them.
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populations
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The total number of individuals, traces, documents, territories, households, or groups that could be studied.
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proletariat
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A social class composed of workers who own nothing of the production process and who sell their labor to the bourgeoisie.
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random sample
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A type of sample in which every case in the population has an equal chance of being selected.
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reliability
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The extent to which an operational definition gives consistent results.
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representative sample
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A type of sample in which those selected for study have the same distribution of characteristics as the population from which it is selected
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research
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A data-gathering and data-explaining enterprise governed by strict rules.
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research design
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A plan for gathering data that specifies who or what will be studied and the methods of data collection.
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research methods
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Techniques used to formulate or answer meaningful research questions and to collect, analyze, and interpret data in ways that allow other researchers to verify the results.
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samples
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Portions of the cases from a larger population.
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sampling frame
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A complete list of every case in a population.
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scientific method
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An approach to data collection in which knowledge is gained through observation and its truth is confirmed through verification.
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secondary sources
(archival data) |
Data that have been collected by other researchers for some other purpose.
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self-administered questionnaire
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A set of questions given to respondents who read the instructions and fill in the answers themselves.
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small groups
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Groups of 2 to about 20 people who interact with one another in meaningful ways.
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sociological theory
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A set of principles and definitions that tell how societies operate and how people in them relate to one another and respond to their surroundings.
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spurious correlation
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A correlation that is coincidental or accidental because the independent and dependent variables are not actually related rather, some third variable related to both of them makes it seem as though they are.
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structured interview
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An interview in which the wording and sequence of questions are set in advance and cannot be changed during the interview.
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symbols
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Any kind of physical or conceptual phenomenon- a word, an object, a sound, a feeling, an odor, a gesture or bodily movement, or a concept of time-to which people assign a name and a meaning or value.
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territories
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Settings that have borders or that are set aside for particular activities.
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theory
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A framework that can be used to comprehend and explain events.
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traces
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Materials or other forms of physical evidence that yield information about human activity.
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unstructured interview
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An interview in which the question-and-answer sequence is spontaneous, open-ended, and flexible.
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validity
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The degree to which an operational definition measures what it claims to measure.
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variable validity
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Any trait or characteristic that can change under different conditions or that consists of more than one category.
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