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68 Cards in this Set
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Scientific study of human behavior, seeks to document and explain aspects of life |
Sociology |
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Wrote "The Sociological Imagination" |
C. Wright Mills |
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Understood by examining the life of the individual |
Personal trouble |
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Result of over integration in a group |
Altruistic suicide |
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Result of lack of integration into a group/ groups |
Egoistic suicide |
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Result from one's goals suddenly loosing meaning |
Anomic suicide |
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Result from a sense of hopelessness due to social sircumstances |
Fatalistic suicide |
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Studied society as it pertained to social reform |
Henri de St. Simon |
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Coined the term sociology |
Auguste Comte
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Influenced by the works of Charles Darwin, social darwinist |
Herbert Spencer |
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Societies held together by similarities |
Mechanical solidarity |
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Societies held together by interdependence |
Organic solidarity |
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His goal was class consciousness |
Karl Marx |
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People in control of the means of production, "haves" |
Bourgeoisie |
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"Have nots" |
Proletariats |
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Studied the "Iron Cage," interested in goal oriented behavior |
Max Weber |
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An early feminist |
Harriet Martineau |
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Says that social life is based upon cooperation and consensus, everything/ everyone serves a purpose |
Functionalism |
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Obvious, intended purpose |
Manifest function |
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Unintended purpose |
Latent function |
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A result that keeps the system from working properly |
Dysfunction |
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Competition and conflict are at the root of all social interations |
Conflict theory |
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Social life consists of people interacting with one another via gestures and symbols |
Symbolic-interaction theory |
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A shared reality and way of life |
Culture |
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Agreements about how we should act in situations |
Norms |
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What things stand for |
Symbols |
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A culture's most important symbol |
Language |
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The hypothesis that language directs thought |
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis |
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Agreements about what is real, concerns the nature of things |
Beliefs |
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Agreements about the way things should be |
Values |
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Established systems that people within a region have established to secure the survival of that way of life |
Social institutions |
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A segment of culture sharing characteristics that distinguish it from the broader culture |
Subcultures |
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Segment of culture sharing values in direct opposition to the broader culture |
Counterculture |
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System of knowledge , beliefs, norms, values, symbols, created through group interaction |
Ideoculture |
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Tendency to evaluate one's own culture as superior to other cultures |
Ethnocentrism |
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Viewing all cultures with intrinsic worth, and evaluating them with this standard |
Cultural Relativism |
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Non-material culture changes slower than material culture |
Cultural lag |
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The ways in which human conduct becomes socially organized |
Social organization |
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Relatively stable patterns of social interaction that characterize human social life |
Social structure |
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These govern everyday behavior |
Folkways |
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These are essential to the welfare of the group |
Mores |
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A punishment when someone violates the norm |
Negative sanction |
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A reward that happens when someone follows the norm |
Positive sanction |
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A position that an individual occupies |
Status |
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An especially powerful status that is key in determining an individual's identity |
Master Status |
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Collection of norms associated with a particular status |
Role |
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Roles prevail over personality, we become the roles we play |
Strength of roles |
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Pattern variable dealing with if we are expected to treat people equally or if we are supposed to give special consideration |
Universalism- Particularism |
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Pattern variable dealing with if we are supposed to express emotions openly or is we conceal them |
Affectivity- Affective Neutrality |
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Pattern variable that deals with whether we are supposed to interact for many reasons or for only specific reasons |
Diffuseness- Specificity |
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Pattern variable dealing with whether we are supposed to be acting primarily for the group or for ourselves |
Collective orientation- Self orientation |
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Pattern variable dealing with whether we are expected to judge people based on ascribed status or achvevied status |
Ascription- acheievement |
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All of the roles associated with a particular status |
Role set |
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The demands of different roles require you to do two different things at the same time |
Time and energy role conflict |
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The values of two different roles are contradictory |
Value role conflict |
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When the demands of a role are overwhelming |
Role strain |
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When it is unclear as to how you act in a role |
Role ambiguity |
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This consists of two or more people with regular interaction and a sense of common identity |
Social group |
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Personally satisfying groups that are generally emotionally bonded |
Primary groups |
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Groups that are generally emotionally neutral and that are usually devoted to a certain purpose and activity |
Secondary groups |
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A small community based on family being the basis of life and that the relationship is the end |
Gemeinshaft |
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A large community based on relationships having a purpose and that the individual is more important |
Gesellschaft |
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Conducted the suicide study and came up with solidarity |
Emilie Durkheim |
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A group we look to for guidance |
Reference groups |
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Result of comparison to a reference groups |
Relative deprivation |
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A group in with we belong and have loyalty |
In-groups |
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A group that we do not belong and can be percieved as the enemy |
Out-group |
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A secondary group that accomplishes tasks by division of labor |
Bureaucracies |
