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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the social construction of space?
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The ways in which humans come to make, organize and transform the locations through which lives are then conducted (geleitet).
Gestaltung von Lebensraum, Bedeutung des eigenen Haues/Nachbarn etc. |
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What is demography?
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The study of human population.
e.g. dempgraphic change = more and more old people - less and less children |
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What is fertility?
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It shapes the numbers born.
= the incidence of child-bearing in a country’s population |
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What is fecundity?
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It is the maximum possible child-bearing.
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What is crude birth rate?
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The number of live births in a given year for every 1000 people in a population.
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What is total period fertility rate (TPFR)?
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The average number of children each woman would have in her lifetime if the average number of children born to all woman of child-bearing age in any given year remained constant during that woman’s child-bearing years.
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What is mortality?
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It shapes the numbers who die.
= the incidence of death in a country’s population |
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What is the crude death rate?
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The number of deaths in a given year for every 1000 people in a population.
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What is life expectancy?
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The average age to which people in a given society are likely to live.
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What is the infant (Säuging) mortality rate?
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The number of deaths among infants under 1 year of age for 1000 live births in a given year.
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What is natural increase?
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When there are more births than deaths.
-mortality & fertility are natural factors of population growth |
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What is migration?
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It shows patterns of people moving in and out of a country.
= the movement of people into and out of a particular territory |
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What does the study of pull-factors?
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It explains why certain areas attract immigration.
e.g. many Syrians come Italy/Greece or through Marocco to Spain, because its so close |
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What is the study of push-factors?
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It explains why in certain areas people voluntary emigrate.
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What is the in-migration rate?
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Immigration; the number of people entering an area for every 1000 people in the population.
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What is the out-migration rate?
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Emigration, the number leaving for every 1000 people.
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What is the net migration rate?
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Immigration rate – emigration rate in comparison.
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What is internal migration?
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The movement within a country from one region to another due to social factors.
-Normaler Umzug aus Arbeitsgründen, Streit, etc. |
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What is sex ratio?
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The number of males for every 100 females in a given population.
-usually <100 because females outlive (überleben) men |
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What is the age-sex-pyramid?
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A graphical representation of the age and sex of a population.
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What does the Malthusian theory say?
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The limited range of farmland could only sustain (aushalten) an arithmetic increase in the production of food even though the population begun to increase geometrically (doubling).
- population growth should be slowed down |
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What is the demographic transition theory?
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A thesis linking population patterns to a society’s level of technological development.
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What are the 4 stages of this theory?
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1) pre-industrial; high birth rates & high death rates → slow population growth
2) early-industrial: high birth rates & declining death rates → rapid population growth 3) mature-industrial: dropping birth rates & low death rates → slowing population growth 4) post-industrial: falling birth rates & steady death rates → very slow / declining population growth |
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What is zero-population growth?
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The level of reproduction, migration and death that maintains (aufrechterhalten) population at a steady (stabil) state.
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What is urbanization?
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The concentration of humanity into cities.
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What are the 4 differing patterns of urban life?
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1) The evolution of early cities (beginning 12.000 years ago)
2) The rise of industrial cities (after 1750) 3) Explosive growth of mega-cities in low-income countries (late 20th century) 4) Recent rise of global cities |
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What is a metropolis?
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A large city that socially and economically dominates an urban area. (after WWI)
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What are suburbs (Vorstadt)?
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Urban areas beyond the political boundaries of a city.
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What are mega-cities?
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A city with a population exceeding 8 million.
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What is a megalopolis?
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Vast (gewaltig) urban region containing an number of cities and their surrounding suburbs.
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What are world cities?
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Large, urban regions, highly interconnected through which finance, economic decision-making and international labor flow.
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What is agglomeration?
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Urban continuum.
Stadt im siedlerischem Sinne = Kernstadt samt ihrem suburbanen Umland, das außerhalb der Stadtgrenzen liegt, aber direkt an sie angrenzt. -> Bremen & Lilienthal etc. |
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What are global cities?
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Cities with considerable economic power, commanding global investments and the concentration and accumulation (Anhäufung) of capital. (e.g. London, Tokyo, New York)
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What is urban ecology?
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The study of the link between the physical and social dimensions of cities.
(Burgess: developed concentric model Hoyt: added wedge-shape sectors Ullman: as cities decentralize, they lose their single centre form in favor of a multi-centered model) |
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What is the zonal theory?
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From Burgess’s concentric circles (business districts at the core, bordered by factories, encircled by residential) to Harris and Ullman’s multi-centred model.
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What is the social area analysis?
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It looks at what people in an area have in common.(important factors: family patterns, social class, race and ethnicity)
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What does the process of 'gentrification' implies?
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Areas in decline are transformed into areas of prosperity (Wohlstand).
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