Sociology 201 Quiz 1

Front 1

Sociology

Back 1

the systematic study of human society

Front 2

Auguste Comte (1798-1857)

Back 2

founder of positivism

Front 3

Positivism

Back 3

the use of an objective value-free approach to scientific inquiry and experimentation

Front 4

Troubles

Back 4

individual, micro

Front 5

Issues

Back 5

Social, macro

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Social institutions

Back 6

networks of structure in society that work to socialize people in them

Ex: religion, education, politics/govt., family, media

Front 7

3 Fields to explain behavior

Back 7

1. Biology (micro- hormones, bio-chemicals)

2. Psychology (micro- behaviors, how/why/coping)

3. Sociology (micro/macro- social institutions)

Front 8

3 founders of sociology

Back 8

1. Karl Marx

2. Emile Durkheim (Amile)

3. Max Weber (Vabor)

Front 9

Karl Marx

Back 9

emphasis on historical materialism

-historical change is driven by class conflict

Front 10

Max Weber

Back 10

emphasis on subjectivity

-verstehen - "understanding"

Front 11

Emile Durkheim

Back 11

emphasis on trying to understand social cohesion in a time of great social change

Front 12

3 theoretical perspectives

Back 12

1. Functionalism

2. Conflict theory

3. Symbolic Interactionism

Front 13

Functionalism ("Structural functionalism")

Back 13

various social institutions and processes in society exist to serve an important function and that is to keep society running smoothly.

(Emile Durkheim)

(everything even if it's negative has to have a function) (macro)

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2 types of functions

Back 14

1. manifest function

2. latent function

Front 15

Manifest function

Back 15

stated or intentional purpose of something

Front 16

Latent function

Back 16

side effects or unintentional

Front 17

Conflict theory

Back 17

conflict between competing interests is the basic force/drive behind social change.

-have a strong focus on social inequality

-emphasis is on the struggle between the "haves" vs. the "have-nots".

(Karl Marx)

(macro)

Front 18

Symbolic Interactionalism

Back 18

people act in response to the meaning that signs, symbols, and social signals have for them.

-shared meanings and assumptions from the basic motivations behind people's behavior

(micro)

Front 19

Social construction of reality

Back 19

self-fulfilling prophecy- an assumption or predicition that solely as a result of having been made, causes the expected event to occur & thus confirms its own "accuracy".

-the process through which members of a society discover, make known, reaffirm, and alter a collective version of facts, knowledge, and "truth."

-through this process, social facts exist because people behave as if they do. The continued existence of these social facts depends on people (social interactions) and institutions that act in accordance with the widely accepted rules or norms associated with those social facts.

Front 20

Quantitative

Back 20

Numerical data or can be transformed into usable statistics

Front 21

Qualitative

Back 21

Understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations

Front 22

Deductive approach

Back 22

begins with theory, makes observations, and then analyzes data to confirm, reject, or modify the original theory (big idea - research)

Front 23

Inductive approach

Back 23

begins with empirical observations (data) then works to form a theory (research - build idea)

Front 24

Variables

Back 24

can take on two or more value or attributes

1. independent

2. dependent

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Independent

Back 25

the one that may cause the change

Front 26

Dependent

Back 26

the one you are looking at to see what happens

Front 27

______ depends on ______.

Back 27

(dependent) depends on (independent).

Front 28

Correlation vs. Causation

Back 28

three criteria establish causation.

Front 29

3 Criteria establish causation

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1. correlation

2. time-order

3. rule-out alternative explanations

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Spurious relationships

Back 30

two variables appear to be related, but they are each associated with a third variable

Front 31

Reverse causality

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we think that variable A is causing variable B, but, in fact variable B is causing variable A.

Front 32

Reliability

Back 32

likelihood of getting consistent results using the same tool.

Front 33

Validity

Back 33

Extent to which a tool measures what it is supposed to

Front 34

Generalizability

Back 34

geography can play a role

amount of people

age group

background

Front 35

Golden rules of research ethics

Back 35

1. do no harm

2. get informed consent

3. make sure participation is voluntary (especially important with protected populations)