Sociology 2

Front 1

Which of the following statements regarding how Brazilians think about race is true?

Back 1

Brazilians classify people based on specific combinations of skin color, hair color, facial features, and hair texture.

Front 2

Sociologists describe race as a social construct. What does this statement mean?

Back 2

Race is a social phenomenon created by individuals and shaped by social forces

Front 3

Institutional (or structural) discrimination is always intentional.

Back 3

False

Front 4

Which of the following is an example of unintentional institutional discrimination?

Back 4

federal sentencing guidelines that penalize individuals who use crack cocaine more heavily than those who use powder cocaine

Front 5

When Europeans settled in the New World, they wanted to open up territories for settlements. This meant that Native Americans were not only forcibly removed from their land but sometimes killed. This deliberate and systematic destruction of Native Americans was __________.

Back 5

genocide

Front 6

During a lecture about race in his sociology class, Tomas becomes confused. He recently discovered, on his birth certificate, that he was labeled as white yet his much younger brother, Carlos, is classified as Hispanic on his birth certificate. What could best explain this discrepancy in labels?

Back 6

How social institutions choose to label and identify racial and ethnic groups changes over time.

Front 7

Sociologists describe race as a social construct

Back 7

True

Front 8

Which of the following statements regarding the racial gap in household wealth between white and black Americans is false?

Back 8

Black Americans have made no gains in income since the civil rights movement.

Front 9

Racial categories are more likely to be chosen by individuals for themselves.

Back 9

False

Front 10

In the United States, __________ has historically mattered more than __________.

Back 10

race; ethnicity

Front 11

The 1924 Immigration Act limited the number of people who were allowed to emigrate to the United States from Southern and Eastern Europe.

Back 11

True

Front 12

Max Weber's definition of race is based on a viewpoint referred to as __________

Back 12

essentialism

Front 13

Rosa is a Guatemalan immigrant. She has learned to speak English and has taken to celebrating traditionally American holidays, such as Thanksgiving and the Fourth of July. Rosa is experiencing __________.

Back 13

assimilation

Front 14

_________ refer(s) to the accumulated sum of assets (savings accounts, homes, cars) minus the sum of debts (mortgages, loans, credit card debts).

Back 14

Wealth

Front 15

Sophia is a third generation Italian. She heard stories about how her grandparents experienced discrimination when they arrived in the United States. Her grandparents also maintained their culture and traditions by continuing to speak Italian in addition to leaning English. Sophia knows very little about Italian culture and does not speak Italian. What accounts for this lack of cultural knowledge?

Back 15

Sophia's grandparents and parents gradually assimilated, taking on the traditions of their new country.

Front 16

Mawenzi has sent out hundreds of résumés but has gotten very few replies, even though he graduated with honors from a top-tier school and has experience and excellent references. If Mawenzi suspected intentional discrimination, what statement would support his suspicion?

Back 16

Mawenzi is experiencing the disadvantage of a having a stereotypical "black name."

Front 17

The U.S. Supreme Court struck down state laws banning interracial marriages in 1957.

Back 17

False

Front 18

Becky is an anthropology student studying in Brazil. She has noted that race labels are different in Brazil than in the United States. What are the differences that Becky probably identified?

Back 18

Brazilians classify people based on very specific combinations of skin color, hair color, facial features, and hair texture.

Front 19

Why are a disproportionate number of African Americans unable to vote?

Back 19

Many African Americans have lost their right to vote following felony convictions.

Front 20

Which of the following statements is false, in terms of the historical experience of whites living in the United States?

Back 20

If you were white and poor, you were as likely as nonwhite minorities to face discrimination in the housing market.

Front 21

Of the following indicators, which is generally considered a poor sign of assimilation?

Back 21

whether immigrants are spatially concentrated

Front 22

Which of the following statements about the first immigration era in U.S. history (1789-1874) is true?

Back 22

During the first immigration era in U.S. history, noncitizens could vote.

Front 23

Among the following, who is least likely to move out of an ethnic enclave?

Back 23

Emilio Mendosa , who is 77 years old and plans to stay in the United States for the rest of his life

Front 24

However great their desire to move, some people will not migrate. What is the most plausible reason for this?

Back 24

Emigration and immigration policies bar some individuals from crossing borders.

Front 25

Of the following factors, which would be more likely than the others to influence immigrants to live near kin or conationals?

Back 25

limited English fluency

Front 26

How many classes of nonimmigrant visas does the United States authorize?

Back 26

23

Front 27

Which groups did the National Origins Act of 1924 primarily attempt to exclude?

Back 27

Italians, Jews, and Slavs

Front 28

__________ is the act of arriving and settling in a place

Back 28

Immigration

Front 29

Among sociologists, indication of assimilation is limited to acquisition of U.S. citizenship.

Back 29

False

Front 30

Which of the following factors explains why U.S. immigration rules and regulations are so often changed and adjusted?

Back 30

war, racism, prejudices, changing ideologies and tolerances, and fluctuating needs for labor

Front 31

The gender gap in education favors boys compared to girls with respect to achievement and attainment but favors females compared to males with respect to attending selective colleges and choosing majors that lead to higher paying careers.

Back 31

False

Front 32

Highly selective colleges and universities appear to be relying more on total online instruction than less selective universities.

Back 32

False

Front 33

What does allocation theory suggest about education?

Back 33

What does allocation theory suggest about education?

Front 34

What type of activity is possible with Web 1.0 technologies?

Back 34

searching and reading

Front 35

Highly selective colleges and universities appear to be __________ total online instruction than less selective universities

Back 35

relying less on

Front 36

Research shows that __________ students complete online classes compared to face-to-face courses.

Back 36

fewer

Front 37

Among the following, which plays a role in the sorting function of students into particular jobs?

Back 37

credentialism

Front 38

Girls are more likely to graduate from high school and attend college in the United States than boys, especially among students of color.

Back 38

True

Front 39

In the science fields, the proportion of women receiving bachelor's degrees is higher in chemistry than in computer science.

Back 39

True

Front 40

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the long-lasting effects of the hidden curriculum in schools?

Back 40

Kelly and her twin brother Brent had very different experiences in school. While Brent's teachers encouraged him to focus on math and science, Kelly was directed toward home economics. Brent received more support from his coaches than did his sister. Kelly's interest in and talent for math and sports surpassed Brent's, but she never pursued those areas and abandoned them altogether when she got to college. She had learned her place as a female.

Front 41

Prosperous and white children are __________ as poor or minority children to attend private schools.

Back 41

Two times as likely

Front 42

The fact that people with comparable occupations and incomes participate more in the civic and political life of their communities when they have more education is consistent the __________ view of education.

Back 42

Socialization

Front 43

Besides learning skills and knowledge, schools serve three other major purposes. What are they?

Back 43

economic, future preparation, and socialization functions

Front 44

Tracking is __________.

Back 44

assigning students to different ability or curriculum groups

Front 45

The disparity in educational achievement between whites and Asian Americans, who tend to fare better, on average, than African American, Latino/a, and Native American students __________.

Back 45

has persisted over 30 years

Front 46

Over the last 50 years, family income __________ in explaining the educational achievement gap.

Back 46

has become more important than race

Front 47

Approximately 1.5 million children are home-schooled in the United States today.

Back 47

True

Front 48

What does socialization theory suggest about education?

Back 48

that education transmits knowledge, skills, and values that persist in adulthood and that employers believe increase productivity

Front 49

Mr. Pearson has the largest class of second graders he has ever had and is struggling to meet the wide variety of needs represented by a diverse group of students. How might he make the best use of technology in his classroom?

Back 49

distribute digital pens to each student so that he can precisely identify every step of each student's work

Front 50

Common competencies that sociologists have identified as necessary for successful functioning in the twentieth-first century include agility and adaptability. Of the following skills and capabilities, which is less likely to be associated with agility and adaptability than the others?

Back 50

to listen effectively to discern meaning, knowledge, values, attitudes, and intentions

Front 51

According to almost any measure sociologists have explored, in the United States a clear racial hierarchy emerges with ____________ on top and __________ on the bottom.

Back 51

whites (and sometimes Asians); Hispanics, blacks, and American Indians

Front 52

Normative theories of prejudice state that __________.

Back 52

people are socialized to think and act in a racist fashion

Front 53

In a study involving fictitious résumés of applicants with stereotypical "white names" (Emily and Greg) and "black names" (Lakisha and Jamal), researchers found that __________.

Back 53

résumés with "white names" received 50 percent more follow-up calls than résumés with "black names"

Front 54

Sociologists estimate that __________ of adult black men have a felony conviction on their record

Back 54

one-third

Front 55

Of all racial and ethnic groups in the United States, _____________ have the highest median household income.

Back 55

Asian Americans

Front 56

Most sociologists reject Max Weber's definition of race.

Back 56

True

Front 57

Sociologists have observed that upper-middle class blacks earn __________ percent of what their white counterparts earn.

Back 57

85

Front 58

In 2012, the unemployment rate for black Americans was __________.

Back 58

nearly twice the rate as that of white Americans

Front 59

Sociologists accept all of the following factors as contributors to racial inequalities EXCEPT __________.

Back 59

Biology

Front 60

__________ have the highest rates of educational attainment in the United States.

Back 60

Asian Americans

Front 61

It is acceptable for sociologists to use the terms race and ethnicity interchangeably

Back 61

False

Front 62

The exodus of whites from residential areas when African Americans moved in is known as __________.

Back 62

white flight

Front 63

Guards stationed at the Berlin Wall had orders to __________.

Back 63

shoot to kill anyone attempting to leave East Germany

Front 64

Which of the following statements about refugee or asylum status is true?

Back 64

A referral for refugee status can be sought only from outside the United States

Front 65

In 2010, Mexico received more migrant remittances than any other country.

Back 65

False

Front 66

How many persons per year are admitted to the United States with LPR status?

Back 66

about 1 million

Front 67

Social scientists have rarely attempted to assess the impacts of immigration on the United States.

Back 67

False

Front 68

When it comes to migration, what pertinent assumption about people's motivations do sociologists make?

Back 68

that everyone who migrates wants a better life

Front 69

In general, there are two paths to citizenship for foreign-born persons. The first is naturalization, and the second is deriving citizenship from one's parent(s).

Back 69

True

Front 70

__________ is the act of leaving a place.

Back 70

Emigration

Front 71

According to the U.S. Constitution, the power to educate is reserved to the states.

Back 71

True

Front 72

What do sociologists mean when they say that education serves a credentialing function?

Back 72

that education limits entry into some occupations and thus raises the rewards for people in them

Front 73

One major function of schooling is socializing young people into the habits, attitudes, and practices of contributing members of a community, religion, or nation.

Back 73

True

Front 74

What percentage of U.S. college students attends public nonprofit colleges and universities?

Back 74

75 percent

Front 75

Jeff wants to start his own business and he's eager to make it successful. He remembers his sociology professor talking about socialization theory, human capital, and allocation theory. Armed with this knowledge, what should be Jeff's strategy in building up his business?

Back 75

Hire mostly college graduates. They'll have the needed skills and productivity levels.

Front 76

The growing use of digital technologies outside of school will ___________ in education and society

Back 76

likely magnify existing inequalities

Front 77

Theo went to a prestigious private high school and, afterward, attended a well-respected university, where he earned a degree in finance. After working at a reputable firm for a few years, Theo branched out on his own. As a financial planner in private practice, Theo was sure he knew exactly what each of his new clients needed but had trouble making them understand his precise instructions. Every client eventually left him, saying that he was brilliant with figures but not so bright with people. Which of the following concepts would Theo's clients likely emphasize when describing their dealings with him?

Back 77

his lack of "soft skills"

Front 78

Given what you know about gender differences in educational attainment, which of the following scenarios is most likely?

Back 78

Jane is more likely than Bob to earn her bachelor's degree.

Front 79

__________ refers to the practice of marrying individuals whose educational levels are similar to one's own.

Back 79

Educational homogamy

Front 80

Closure practices operate independently of the human capital that a person possesses.

Back 80

True

Front 81

For lower-class white males, educational attainment is __________ to occupation and income.

Back 81

moderately related

Front 82

Which of the following life outcomes for Sylvia is more likely than the others because she failed to complete high school?

Back 82

Sylvia is unmarried.

Front 83

An unintended consequence of high-stakes testing is the response by schools to shed students with low scores by encouraging them to drop out.

Back 83

True

Front 84

The fact that people with comparable occupations and incomes participate more in the civic and political life of their communities when they have more education is consistent the __________ view of education.

Back 84

Socialization

Front 85

Teachers of high-track students spend more time on discipline than teachers of low-track students.

Back 85

False

Front 86

Smokers with more education are more likely to quit smoking than smokers with less education.

Back 86

True

Front 87

Tracking is __________.

Back 87

assigning students to different ability or curriculum groups.

Front 88

The postwar boom ended the Bracero Program between the United States and Mexico after soldiers returned home at the end of World War II.

Back 88

False

Front 89

Which of the following is least likely to be considered an ethnic enclave?

Back 89

Greenwich Village of New York

Front 90

The idea of an ethnic enclave has roots in historical periods when people were forced to live with their similars

Back 90

True

Front 91

Under U.S. immigration law, a legal immigrant __________ to be eligible to sponsor a married daughter or son for immigration to the United States.

Back 91

must obtain citizenship status

Front 92

The way in which race is perceived is consistent throughout the world.

Back 92

False

Front 93

Robert is taking a black history class. He learned that the one-drop rule labeled anyone who had a black ancestor as black. He concluded, based on this definition, that this was a racist rule. What is the bestexplanation as to why Robert would arrive at that conclusion?

Back 93

When the one-drop rule became enshrined, blacks in the United States were slaves, a source of free labor; it was in the best interest of white Americans to increase the numbers of the enslaved.

Front 94

_________ can be described as negative, simplified generalizations about a group, whereas __________ involves actions that harm individuals.

Back 94

Stereotyping; discrimination

Front 95

African American men account for 40 percent of the U.S. prison population.

Back 95

True

Front 96

Hispanics have the highest rate of infant mortality in the United States.

Back 96

False

Front 97

Which of the following statements is true, according to the analogy of the red-, blue-, and yellow-colored blocks cited in The Sociology Project?

Back 97

We grow up learning to look for certain pieces of information about a person's body, to decide which race they belong to, but disregard things like height and hand size.

Front 98

Kendra has noticed that there are many homes for sale in her neighborhood. What explanation might she ascribe to this phenomenon, if she were aware that most people leaving the neighborhood were white, whereas most people moving into the neighborhood were black?

Back 98

white flight

Front 99

How did U.S. students rank in comparison with other students of the world on the International Student Assessment tests in 2009?

Back 99

better than average in reading, better than average in science, and worse than average in math

Front 100

In the science fields, women earn larger percentages of bachelor's degrees in which two disciplines?

Back 100

biology and chemistry

Front 101

One factor that might help girls perform better in school is that they tend to spend more time on homework and are less likely to have disciplinary problems.

Back 101

True

Front 102

Education in the United States is a single, uniform system that is available to every child in the same way

Back 102

False

Front 103

Which of the following statements about less educated workers is true?

Back 103

They are more likely to do manual labor

Front 104

In the United States how much funding for schools comes from the federal government?

Back 104

Less than 10 percent

Front 105

People with more education tend to live longer. This is true of __________.

Back 105

men and women, whether white or black

Front 106

The United States __________ the world in the amount of education its citizens receive.

Back 106

no longer leads

Front 107

What does human capital theory suggest about education?

Back 107

that people with more education are paid more because they are more productive

Front 108

Social closure practices, which __________, include licensing

Back 108

limit entry into some occupations

Front 109

Of the following skills, which type may be harder to learn online than the others?

Back 109

The skill to think critically

Front 110

The pay gap between high school and college graduates has been narrowing since the late 1970s.

Back 110

False