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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
An approach emphasizing the role of conflict, competition, and constraint within a society.
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Conflict perspective
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anything that stands for something else and has an agreed-upon meaning attached to it.
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symbol
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the degree to which a society is unified.
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social solidarity
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an action that produces an intended and recognized result.
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manifest function
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an action that produces an unintended and unrecognized result.
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latent function
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when each person contributes in society.
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functionalism
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the patterned interaction of people in social relationships.
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social structure
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class owning the means for producing wealth.
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Bourgeoisie
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class that labors without owning the means of production; those who labor for the bourgeoisie
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proletariat
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approach that depicts human interaction as theatrical performances
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dramaturgy
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a measure of the relationship between two variables
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correlation
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both independent and dependent variables change in the same direction
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positive correlation
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variables change in the opposite direction
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negative correlation
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testable statement of relationships among variables
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hypothesis
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a characteristic that is subject to change
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variable
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research method in which a large number of people respond to questions
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survey
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a characteristic that is defined by its presence or absence in a category
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qualitative
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a characteristic that can be measured numerically
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quantitative
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the belief that events occur in predictable ways and that one event leads to another
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causation
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questions a person is to answer in his or her own words
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open-ended questions
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questions a person must answer bychoosing from a limited, predetermined set of responses.
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closed-ended questions
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judging others in terms of one's own cultural standards.
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ethnocentrism
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a subculture deliberately and consciously opposed to certain central beliefs or attitudes of the dominant culture.
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counterculture
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automatic reaction to physical stimulus
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reflex
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learning to participate in group life
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socialization
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a norm that is formally defined and enforced by officials
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laws
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a group that is part of the dominant culture but that differs from it in some important respects
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subculture
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the concrete, tangible objects of a culture
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material
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ideas, knowledge, and beliefs that influence people's behavior
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nonmaterial
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rules defining appropriate and inappropriate behavior
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norms
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norms that lack moral significance
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folkways
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norms that have moral dimensions and that should be followed by members of the society
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mores
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general cultural traits that exist in all cultures
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cultural universals
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a ruld of behavior, the violation of which calls for strong punishment
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taboo
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the study of the biological basis of human behavior
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sociobiology
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those people whose reactions are most important to your self-concept
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significant others
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set of individuals of roughly the same age and intersts
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peer group
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places in which people are separated from the rest of society and controlled by officials in charge
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total institutions
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group used for self-evaluation and the formation of attitudes, values, beliefs, and norms
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reference group
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a position that is neither earned nor chosen but assigned
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ascribed status
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a position that is earned or chosen
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achieved status
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the process of adopting new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors
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resocialization
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expected behavior associated with a particular status
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role
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condition in which the performance of a role in one status interferes with the performance of a role in another status
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role conflict
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a society that uses plows and draft animals in growing food
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agriculture
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a society in which the economic emphasis is on providing services and information
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postindustrial
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a society that depends on science and technology to product its baskc goods and services
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industrial
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the process of replacing animal and human power with machine power
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mechanization
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people who are emotionally close, know one another well, and seek one another's company
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primary group
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people who share only part of their lives while focusing on a goal or task
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secondary group
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when thinking in a group is self-deceptive, based on conformity to group beliefs, and created by group pressure to conform
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groupthink
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exclusive group demanding intense loyalty
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in-group
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group targeted by an in-group for opposition, antagonism, or competition
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out-group
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people temporarily in the same place at the same time.
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social aggregate
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a web of social relationships that joins a person to other people and groups
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social network
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behavior that matches group expectations
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relativity
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theory that society creates deviance by identifying particular members as deviant
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labeling theory
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anything that goes against the norms
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deviance
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deviance involving occasional breaking of norms that is not a part of a person's lifestyle or self-concept
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primary deviance
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deviance in which an individual's life and identity are organized around breaking society's norms
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secondary deviance
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a repetition of or return to criminal behavior
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recidivism
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an undesirable trait or label that is used to characterize an individual
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stigma
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acts committed in violation of the law
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crime
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process of changing or reforming a criminal through socialization
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rehabilitation
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ways to encourage conformity to society's norms
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social control
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process of reducing the seriousness of the crimes that injure people of lower status
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victim discounting
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job-related crimes committed by high-status peopls
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white-collar crime
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discouraging criminal acts by threatening punishment
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deterrence
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a stratification structure that does not allow for social mobility
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caste system
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the ablilty to control the behavior of others
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power
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recognition, respect, and admiration attached to social positions
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prestige
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layers of society
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social stratification
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can move up or down in social classes
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social mobility
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over half of households are held by women
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poverty
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most people in America consider themselves this
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middle class
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