Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Which of the following is an example of using one’s sociological imagination? a. being comfortable in unfamiliar surroundings b. creating different hypotheses to explain an individual’s behavior c. creating a story to explain unfamiliar social customs d. thinking about why people in a particular country greet each other in a certain way |
D. FEEDBACK: Using your sociological imagination allows you to recognize how the social world works and why. It also allows you to see connections between your personal life and larger forces of history (p. 4). |
|
|
Justin decides to conduct research for a class project by recording and assessing how people choose where to sit on a public bus. Which type of sociology is this? a. feminist b. positivist c. microsociology d. macrosociology |
C. Recall that microsociology seeks to understand local interactional contexts and focuses on everyday human social interactions. If Justin were a macrosociologist, he would be more concerned with social dynamics at a higher level. In that case, he might choose to study an aspect of the public transit system (p. 38). |
|
|
Which of the “founding fathers” of sociology put forth the idea that sociologists should examine social behavior from the perspective of those engaging in the behavior? a. Émile Durkheim b. Georg Simmel c. Karl Marx d. Max Weber |
D. One of Max Weber’s most important contributions was the concept of Verstehen, which emphasized that sociologists should approach social behavior from the perspective of those engaging in it (p. 23). |
|
|
According to Karl Marx, throughout history, social change has been sparked by ________ a. discoveries made by explorers. b. racial discrimination. c. class conflict. d. leaders’ desire for more territory. |
C. FEEDBACK: Karl Marx’s theory that social change has been sparked by class conflict is called historical materialism (p. 20). |
|
|
Which of the following describes a difference between sociology and psychology? a. Sociology draws on quantitative methodology, while psychology relies on interviews. b. Sociology focuses on group dynamics, while psychology focuses on one-on-one interactions. c. Sociology focuses on the individual in society, while psychology focuses on the individual in private life. d. Sociology focuses on social structures and group interactions, while psychology focuses on the urges, instincts, and mind of the individual. |
D. FEEDBACK: Psychologists often address many of the same questions as sociologists. Generally, though, psychologists focus on the individual while sociologists examine group-level dynamics and social structures (p. 36). |
|
|
Postmodern theorists argue that ________ a. all phenomena have multiple meanings and no one meaning can be more valid than another. b. the grand narratives of history must be reframed to reflect current times. c. people cannot agree on how to define basic terms. d. true meaning can be ascertained by deconstructing social phenomena. |
A. FEEDBACK: Postmodernists argue that there is no single version of history that is correct. Different things have different meanings for individuals and groups within society (p. 31). |
|
|
Sociology is the study of ________ a. what seems natural or normal to a given group of people. b. human society. c. how groups interact with one another. d. all of the above.
|
D. FEEDBACK: Remember, sociology is the study of human society. There are many areas of study, ranging from religion to sports to ethnic conflict (p. 3). |
|
|
Allison is concerned with the messages that her little sister receives from her elementary school teacher about suitable careers. For example, class lessons portray nurses and secretaries as female, while doctors and engineers are male. Allison's concern is that she is a ________ a. functionalist. b. positivist. c. conflict theorist. d. feminist |
D. FEEDBACK: Feminist research focuses on inequalities based on gender categories. Feminist theorists have explored women's experiences at home and in the workplace as well as gender inequalities in social institutions (p. 30). |
|
|
Which of the following contributors to the development of sociology argued for the importance of identifying scientific laws that govern human behavior? a. Jane Addams b. Émile Durkheim c. Auguste Comte d. Talcott Parsons |
C. FEEDBACK: Auguste Comte called for the development of “social physics.” He believed we could understand societies through equations (p. 16). |
|
|
Using the sociological imagination helps sociologists ________ a. create an image of how people in other societies live. b. focus on individual lives. c. make the familiar strange. d. understand the theories developed by Karl Marx, Max Weber, and Émile Durkheim. |
C. FEEDBACK: As sociologists think critically about the world around them, they question things they have always done without thinking (p. 4). |
|
|
A social institution can be described as ________ a. an organization established by the government to provide social services. b. a group of social positions, connected by social relations, that perform a social role. c. an organization in which different social groups gather to exchange ideas and information. d. a monolithic system of interconnected social identities. |
B. FEEDBACK: A social institution is a complex group of interdependent positions that perform a role. It is not monolithic; we construct, reinforce, and change our social institutions every day through the meanings we ascribe to them and through our actions (p. 13). |
|
|
Which of the following American sociologists applied Émile Durkheim’s theory of anomie to explain African American crime rates? a. George Herbert Mead b. Louis Wirth c. Jane Addams d. W.E.B. DuBois |
D. FEEDBACK: W.E.B. DuBois theorized that the newfound freedom of the slaves resulted in the breakdown of norms. He argued that this anomie was a factor in the high crime rates among African Americans in the South (p. 26). |
|
|
Examining the interactions between people with a focus on how the people talk, dress, and use body language is an example of which theory? a. postmodernism b. conflict theory c. symbolic interactionism d. midrange theory |
C. FEEDBACK: Symbolic interactionism is a micro-level approach that focuses on how face-to-face interactions create the social world (p. 30). |
|
|
Which of the following is an example of a social institution? a. education system b. government c. marriage d. all of the above |
D. FEEDBACK: Social institutions do not have to be established by any particular organization or group and do not necessarily have physical locations (p. 13).
|
|
|
Adekunle enters a clothing store and a security guard immediately notices him and follows his actions on a security monitor. Adekunle is aware of the security guard's actions and adjusts his own behavior to avoid a potential confrontation. This is an example of which sociological concept? a. the generalized other b. double consciousness c. anomie d. positivism |
B. FEEDBACK: Recall that W.E.B. DuBois’s concept of double consciousness involves taking the external opinions of an often racially prejudiced onlooker into consideration (p. 26). |
|
|
People’s social identity is ________ a. a construct that no longer has meaning in the postmodern era. b. a collection of social roles that they might fill. c. a way that they define themselves in relation to groups they are a part of or groups they choose not to be a part of. d. determined by the social group into which people are is born. |
C. FEEDBACK: Peoples’ social identity involves how they define themselves in relation to groups they associate with or disassociate themselves from. Social identity can also be thought of as a grand narrative comprised of many individual stories (p. 13). |
|
|
Which of the following is an example of an application of midrange theory? a. analyzing how a shopkeeper interacts with customers b. exploring the role of churches in rural areas c. examining the origins of World War II in terms of class conflict d. analyzing how a dictator rose to power |
B. FEEDBACK: Recall that midrange theory attempts to predict how certain social institutions tend to function (p. 31). |
|
|
The Chicago School of American Sociology emphasized the importance of ________ a. the social and moral consequences of the division of labor. b. the environment in shaping people’s behavior and personality. c. rigorous statistical research. d. predicting and describing relationships. |
B. FEEDBACK: Charles Horton Cooley, George Herbert Mead, and other sociologists in the Chicago School explored how the social environment shapes the individual (p. 25). |
|
|
Sociology is distinct from other academic disciplines in its attempt to ________ |
detect patterns in how different societies respond to similar phenomena.
FEEDBACK: Lines between academic disciplines are often blurred. However, sociology generally focuses on making comparisons across cases (p. 32). |
|
|
The focus on what social phenomena means to individuals is ________
|
interpretive sociology.
FEEDBACK: Interpretive sociologists focus on meaning and understand experiences. Their research is premised on the importance of the social situation (p. 38). |
|
|
Social Imagination is________ |
the quality of mind that enables one to see the connection between personal troubles and social structures coined by C Wright Mills. Connect our personal experiences to society at large and greater historical forces.“make the familiar strange” or to question habits or customs that seem “natural” to us. |
|
|
Sociology __________ |
is the study of human society. |
|
|
What allowed human beings to start thinking about society in this new way? |
Scientific Revolution- Demanding Proof of things. Democratic Revolution- Representative Government Industrial Revolution- Go to Work,live |
|
|
Social institutions are___________ |
networks of structures in society that work to socialize the groups of people within them. Examples include: |
|
|
Social Identity is______ |
The way individuals define themselves in relationship to groups they are a part of (or in relationship to group they choose not to be a part of). |
|
|
Theory is_________ |
is a tentative explanation of some aspect of social life that states how and why certain facts are related. |
|
|
Research is_________ |
The process of carefully observing reality to assess the validity of a theory. |
|
|
Values are_________ |
are ideas about what is right and wrongs. |
|
|
Auguste Comte |
society is better understood by determining the logic or scientific laws governing human behavior, called social physical or positivism. |
|
|
Harriet Martineau |
translated Comte’s written works into english, one of the earliest feminist social scientists.
|
|
|
Karl Marx |
theory of historical materialism, which identifies class conflict as the primary cause of social change. |
|
|
Founding Fathers are_____ |
Marx, Weber, Durkheim |
|
|
Émile Durkheim |
founder of positivist sociology, developed the theory that division of labor helps to determine how social cohesion is maintained or not maintained in that society. |
|
|
Georg Simmel |
formal sociology or a sociology of pure numbers ( for instance, how a group of two is different than a group of three). |
|
|
Manifest Functions are_________ |
intended and easily observed.
|
|
|
Latent Functions are_________ |
unintended and less obvious. |
|
|
The Chicago School thinkers include__________ |
Charles Horton Cooley |
|
|
The Chicago School focused |
on empirical research, with the belief that people’s behaviors and personalities are shaped by their social and physical environments. |
|
|
Microsociology |
looks at interactional context, focusing on face to tface encounters and gathers data through paraticipant observations.
|
|
|
Macrosociology |
looking at entire social networks in our society. |
|
|
A researcher observes that most women entering a café choose to sit near other occupied tables, whereas most men choose a table that is farther away from other customers. The researcher then theorizes that women like to feel part of a larger group of people, whereas men are more comfortable being alone. This is an example of which kind of research approach? a. deductive reasoning b. inductive reasoning c. quantitative research d. a case study |
b. FEEDBACK: An inductive approach starts with empirical observations and then moves toward formulation of a theory (p. 45). |
|
|
In social research, the term “protected populations” refers to ________
|
segments of the population that a researcher may need special approval to study.
|
|
|
Which of the following describes the deductive approach to research? a. A researcher makes empirical observations and then develops a theory based on these observations. b. A researcher develops several hypotheses to explain a correlation he or she has observed between two factors and then tests that theory. c. A researcher collects data, establishes causation, and then develops a theory to explain it. d. A researcher starts with a theory, forms a hypothesis, makes observations, and then analyzes the data to confirm, reject, or refine the original theory. |
d. FEEDBACK: A deductive approach starts with a theory, followed by formation of a hypothesis, making of empirical observations, and then analysis of the data to confirm, reject, or modify the original theory. Conversely, an inductive approach starts with empirical observations and then moves toward formulation of a theory (p. 45). |
|
|
Comparative research usually involves studying which of the following? a. two or more units of analysis that have almost nothing in common in order to determine why they are so different b. two or more units of analysis that have a number of things in common but differ on a dimension (or dimensions) of interest c. several subgroups in a given country or culture to identify how and why they are similar or different d. a minority and majority group in a particular country |
b. FEEDBACK: Comparative research is a methodology by which a research compares two or more entities (often countries or cultures) with the intent of learning more about factors that differ between them (p. 64). |
|
|
Which of the following is an example of a negative relationship between an independent and a dependent variable? a. Employees with more responsibility are less likely to miss work. b. Employees with more responsibility are more likely to receive promotions. c. Healthier employees are more likely to receive promotions. d. Employees with lower incomes miss fewer days of work. |
a. |
|
|
Which of the following is an example of a panel survey? a. a survey of 1,000 high school seniors that is repeated with a new group of seniors every year for 10 years b. a onetime survey of 25 percent of each of the four grades in a particular high school c. a study of 1,000 high school seniors who are then contacted every 2 years for a 10-year period to participate in a follow-up survey d. a survey of 1,000 high school seniors conducted by a panel of sociologists with different specialties |
c. FEEDBACK: A panel survey is a survey that tracks the same respondents, households, or other social units over time. It is also known as a longitudinal study (p. 63). |
|
|
Amber is conducting research on the negative portrayal of Hispanics in the media. She searches through newspapers to document instances of discriminatory language toward Hispanics. What type of research is Amber conducting? a. participant observation b. content analysis c. cross-sectional survey d. comparative research |
b. FEEDBACK: Content analysis examines the content rather than the structure of communication (p. 67). |
|
|
Voluntary participation is the right of a research subject to__________
|
a. |
|
|
Which of the following data collection methods are commonly used in social research? a. audit studies, surveys, interviews b. historical methods, participant observation, interviews c. laboratory experiments, surveys, content analysis d. content analysis, censuses, natural experiments |
b. FEEDBACK: There are many ways that sociologists collect data. These include, but are not limited to, surveys, interviews, participant observation, historical methods, experiments, content analysis, and comparative research. Also note that while sociologists do conduct experiments, they are rarely (if ever) conducted in labs (p. 58). |
|
|
Which of the following elements describe(s) feminist approaches to social research? a. observing female and male behaviors that traditional social scientists have not thought significant b. taking the role of the researcher into account c. engaging in research that may bring about policy changes to help improve women’s lives d. all of the above |
d. FEEDBACK: Sandra Harding proposes three ways to conduct feminist research. First, treat women’s experiences as legitimate empirical and theoretical resources. Second, engage in social science that may bring about policy changes to help improve women’s lives. Third, take the role of the researcher into account. Overall, there is no single feminist research method (p. 55). |
|
|
A thermometer that consistently gives readings that are five degrees cooler than the actual temperature is ________ A thermometer that consistently gives readings that are five degrees cooler than the actual temperature is ________ a. valid but not reliable. b. reliable but not valid. c. neither reliable nor valid. d. both reliable and valid.
|
b. |
|
|
What three factors are needed to establish causation? |
correlation, time order, and ruling out alternative explanations
|
|
|
What is a moderating variable? |
a factor that affects the relationship between the independent and dependent variables
|
|
|
Social research that tries to engage a nonacademic audience and influence society is often referred to as ________ |
public sociology. FEEDBACK: Public sociology is the practice of sociological research, teaching, and service that seeks to reach a wider audience and influence society (p. 69). |
|
|
What is the meaning of the term reflexivity with regard to social research?
|
being aware of the effects that researchers have on the processes and relationships they are studying. FEEDBACK: Reflexive researchers analyze and critically consider their role in, and their effect on, their own research (p. 52).
|
|
|
Hypothesis: Children in families that eat dinner together at least four times per week experience fewer behavior problems in school. In this hypothesis, what is the dependent variable? |
how often children misbehave in school
|
|
|
Which of the following is the best example of a quantitative research method? a. interviewing people about the last book they read b. conducting a survey of how often people read c. observing children as they learn to read d. analyzing the language style of newspaper ads
|
b. FEEDBACK: Quantitative methods seek to obtain information about the social world that is already in, or can be converted to, numeric form. A survey of how often people read could be quantified easily, though it is possible that data obtained from other methods, such as content analysis, could be quantified (p. 44). |
|
|
In social research, a hypothesis is defined as ________ |
a proposed relationship between two variables.
|
|
|
In an interview with the text’s author, Mitchell Duneier describes his desire to conduct research that adheres to the ethical guidelines of social research. If Duneier had interviewed street vendors by secretly recording their interactions, what ethical guideline would he have violated?
|
informed consent
|
|
|
A correlation is ________ |
a relationship between two variables.
|
|
|
Experience filters perceptions of reality. |
The experiences and passions motivate research
Our values lead us to theories
Interpretations are influenced by previous research
Methods used to gather data mold our perceptions. |
|
|
Research methods are_________ |
standard rules that social scientists follow when trying to establish a causal relationship between social elements. |
|
|
A deductive approach to research |
Starts with a theory |
|
|
An inductive approach to research |
Starts with an empirical observation. |
|
|
Causality is_________ |
the idea that a change in one factor results in the corresponding change in another factor.
|
|
|
A dependent variable is_________ |
the outcome that a researcher is trying to explain.
|
|
|
An independent variable is_________ |
a measured variable factor that the researcher believes has a causal impact on the dependent variable. |
|
|
A hypothesis is__________ |
a relationship between two variables, represented by either the null hypothesis or alternative hypothesis. |
|
|
Good research should be______ |
valid, reliable, and generalizable: |
|
|
Types of data collection. |
participant observation |
|
|
Hawthorne Effect occurs________ |
when the presence of the researcher might change the behaviors of those being observed. |
|
|
Ethnographic research involves_____ |
describing a group of people’s entire way of life. |
|
|
Threats to validity of surveys include______ |
exclusion of part of the population refusal to participate unwillingness to answer confusion
|
|
|
Researchers must respect their subjects’ rights to |
Safety |
|
|
The four special populations that must be approved by the _____ are _____ |
Institutional Review Board.
Children |
|
|
A/An ________ can be defined as a group that shares distinct cultural values and behavioral patterns that distinguish it from others within the same culture or society. a. minority group b. cultural majority c. subculture d. ethnic group |
c. FEEDBACK: A subculture is a group united by sets of concepts, values, symbols, and shared meaning specific to the members of that group distinctive enough to distinguish it from others within the same culture or society (p. 87). |
|
|
A television ad campaign for a new car starts playing nationwide. Within weeks, people are bombarding the manufacturer for information about a song that is featured in the ad and trying to find it online. This is an example of a ________ a. long-term, intended media effect. b. long-term, negative media effect. c. short-term, unintended media effect. d. short-term, positive media effect. |
c. FEEDBACK: Media effects can be placed into four categories depending on their duration (short-term or long-term) and intention (intended or unintended). A consumer liking the music on a car commercial is a short-term, unintended media effect (p. 99) |
|
|
________ can be defined as a process in which a dominant group, by virtue of its moral and intellectual leadership in society, secures the voluntary “consent” of the masses. a. Socialization b. Domination c. Soft power d. Hegemony |
d. FEEDBACK: Hegemony is a condition by which a dominant group uses its power to elicit the voluntary “consent” of the masses. In other words, it involves getting people to go along with the status quo because it seems natural or seems like the best way to do things (p. 96). |
|
|
Which of the following is an example of using cultural relativism to think about cultural differences? a. You read about an indigenous group in South America that still hunts with bows and arrows, and you think that they should use better technology. b. You see a news story about a country where people often eat spicy seafood dishes in the morning and then wonder what people there would think of eating chocolate-flavored cereal and milk for breakfast. c. You are greatly offended when a classmate from Bangladesh describes her sister’s arranged marriage, and you think that you would never let your parents choose your spouse. d. You love sushi and see the influence of Japanese culture on the United States as a positive thing. |
b. FEEDBACK: Cultural relativism is taking into account the differences across cultures without passing judgment or assigning value. It often involves realizing that the way you do things is not necessarily the only way or the right way (p. 85). |
|
|
Which of the following is NOT a definition of the term culture? a. anything that humans create b. a set of beliefs, traditions, and practices c. social categories, ideologies, and symbolic representations that a group of people embrace and identify with d. the natural environment |
d. |
|
|
Which political theorist developed the concept of hegemony? |
FEEDBACK: Antonio Gramsci, an Italian political theorist and activist, developed the concept of hegemony as he thought about why the working-class revolution that Karl Marx had predicted failed to take place (p. 96). |
|
|
Nonmaterial culture includes ________ |
values, beliefs, traditions, and morals |
|
|
What invention can be said to have led to the first truly mass medium? |
printing press |
|
|
The use of stereotypes allows people to ________ a. ignore complex, underlying issues that are difficult to talk about. b. share information about who is to blame for societal problems. c. better understand cultural differences. d. classify individuals based on facts from the media. |
a. FEEDBACK: The media can create and reinforce stereotypes, which often distract people’s attention from the underlying issues at hand (p. 103). |
|
|
Some businesses in the United States, especially food-service establishments, will post a sign that reads, “No shirt, no shoes, no service.” This is an example of which of the following? a. establishment of a shared value b. reinforcement of a cultural norm c. enforcement of a subculture d. manifestation of material culture
|
c. |
|
|
Ideology can be described as ________
|
An ideology is a system of concepts and relationships, an understanding of cause and effect. It is a form of nonmaterial culture (p. 83). |
|
|
Sociologically speaking, values can be defined as ________ |
moral beliefs.
|
|
|
Which of the following has NOT been cited as a limitation of reflection theory? a. Reflection theory does not explain why some cultural productions stick around while others fall to the wayside. b. Reflection theory does not account for the constructed nature of culture. c. Reflection theory does not explain why the same product changes meaning over time. d. Reflection theory does not consider culture’s impact on society. |
b. FEEDBACK: Reflection theory has several limitations. It does not explain the staying power (and related lack of staying power) of cultural productions, does not explain why the same product changes meaning over time, and does not consider culture’s impact on society (p. 93). |
|
|
In her interview with Conley, Allison Pugh notes that low-income families generally will purchase a few of the “in” toys for their children. This is an example of what concept? a. culture jamming b. symbolic indulgence c. consumer culture d. materialism |
b. According to Pugh, low-income families practiced what she called “symbolic indulgence.” Highly symbolic purchases of “in” toys allowed these families to feel like they were participating in the broader consumer culture of the United States (p. 109). |
|
|
Which of the following is an example of soft power? a. the enduring worldwide popularity of Michael Jordan b. requiring the use of English in immigrant communities in South Texas c. the dominance of American military power around the world d. the expansion of American corporations into the global Third World |
d. FEEDBACK: Soft power is the cultural and diplomatic dominance that persuades, rather than forces, others to do one's bidding (p. 111). |
|
|
In the United States, media ownership is ________ |
centralized in a few hands. |
|
|
For a research project in your introductory sociology course, you decide to compare the coverage of health and beauty topics to that of career and professional topics in magazines created for women. You are conducting ________ |
textual analysis. |
|
|
Socialization is the process by which people ________ a. internalize the beliefs, values, and behaviors of a given society and learn to function as a member of that society. b. observe the behavior of others and make a concerted effort to mimic that behavior. c. learn about the social norms of different cultures. d. examine a wide range of cultural norms and behaviors and select those that seem like the best fit. |
a. FEEDBACK: Socialization is our internalization of a society’s values, beliefs, and norms (p. 92). |
|
|
The idea that culture is a projection of social structures and relationships is fundamental to which of the following theories? a. cultural relativism b. conflict theory c. reflection theory d. functionalism |
c. FEEDBACK; Reflection theory is the idea that culture is the projection of social structures and relationships into the public sphere (p. 92). |
|
|
What is cultural relativism? a. a theory about how cultures influence one another b. the process of systematically comparing two cultures in order to catalog their differences c. recognizing differences across cultures without judging those differences as positive or negative d. the notion that some cultures are more developed than others |
c. FEEDBACK: Cultural relativism means taking into account the differences across cultures without assigning a value (p. 85). |
