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114 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Socialization
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The process of learning to participate in group life through the acquisition of culture.
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Personality
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The relatively organized complex of attitudes, beliefs,values, and behaviors associated with an individual.
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self-concept
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An image of oneself as an entity separate from other people.
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looking-glass self
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One's self-concept based on perceptions of others judgments.
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significant others
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Those persons whose judgments are most important to an individuals self-concept.
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Role taking
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The process of mentally assuming the viewpoint of another individual and then responding to oneself from that imagined viewpoint.
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imitation stage
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The developmental stage during which, according to Mead, a child imitates the physical and verbal behavior of a significant other without comprehending the meaning of what is being imitated.
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play stage
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According to Mead, the stage of development during which children take on the roles of individuals, one at a time.
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game stage
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According to Mead, the stage of development during which children learn to consider the roles of several people at the same time.
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generalized other
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An integrated conception of the norms, values and beliefs of one's community or society.
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the "me"
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the socialized part of the self.
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the "I"
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The spontaneous and unpredictable part of the self.
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Sensorimotor stage
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in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.
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Preoperational stage
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in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age)during which a child learns to use language but dose not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.
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Concrete operational stage
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in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.
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Formal operations stage
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in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.
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total institutions
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Places in which residents are separated from the rest of society and are controlled and manipulated by those in charge.
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desocialization
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The process of relinquishing old norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors.
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resocialization
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The process of learning to adopt new norms, values, attitudes, and behavior.
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Anticipatory socialization
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The process of preparing oneself for learning new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors.
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reference group
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A group one uses to evaluate oneself, and from which one acquires attitudes, beliefs, values, and norms.
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hidden curriculum
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The educational curriculum that transmits to children a variety of nonacademic values, norms, beliefs, and attitudes.
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peer group
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A group composed of individuals of roughly the same age and interests.
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Mass media
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Those means of communication that reach large heterogeneous audiences without any personal interaction between the senders and the receivers of messages.
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continuity theory
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presumes that most aging maintain consistency with their past lives and use their life experiences to intentionally continue to develop in self-determined channels.
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hospices
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organizations designed to provide support for the dying and their families.
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Social Class
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A segment of the population whose members have a relatively similar share of the desirable things and who share attitudes, values, norms, and an identifiable lifestyle.
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Cyber bulling
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Bulling through electronic media such as e-mail, instant messaging, chat rooms, websites, and cell phones.
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ideology
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A set of ideas used to justify and defend the interests and actions of those in power in a society.
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Power elite
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A unified coalition of top military, corporate, and government leaders
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Social structure
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Patterned, recurring social relationships.
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status
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The position that a person occupies within a social structure.
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ascribed status
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A status within a social structure that is not earned or chosen, but is assigned.
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achieved status
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A status within a social structure occupied because of an individual's efforts.
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status set
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All the statuses that an individual occupies at any particular time.
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Master statuses
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Statuses that affect most other aspects of a person's life.
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Roles
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Culturally defined rights and obligations attached to social statuses indicating the behavior expected of individuals holding them.
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Rights
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Roles informing individuals of the behavior that can be expected from others.
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Obligations
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Roles informing individuals of the behavior others expect from them.
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Role performance
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The actual conduct involved in putting a role into action.
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Social interaction
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The process by which people influence one another's behavior as they relate.
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Role conflict
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Conflict between the performance of a role in one status with the performance of a role in another status.
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Role strain
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Conflicting roles within a single status.
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Society
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People that live within defined territorial borders and participate in a common culture.
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hunting and gathering society
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A society that solves the subsistence problem through hunting animals and gathering edible fruits and vegetables.
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horticultural societies
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A society that solves the subsistence problem primarily through the domestication of plants.
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Pastoral societies
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Populations that depend primarily on raising and caring for animals for food.
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agricultural society
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A society whose subsistence relies primarily on the cultivation of crops with plows drawn by animals.
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industrial society
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A society whose subsistence is based primarily of the application of science and technology to the production of goods and services.
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structural differentiation
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The division of one social structure into two of more social structures that operate more successfully separately than the one alone would under the new circumstances.
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Gemeinschaft
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Tonnies's term for the type of society based on tradition, kinship, and intimate social relationships.
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Gesellschaft
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Tonnie's term for the type of society characterized by weak family ties, competition, and impersonal social relationships.
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mechanical solidarity
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Social unity based on a consensus of values and norms, strong social pressures for conformity, and dependence on tradition and family.
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organic solidarity
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Social unity based on a complex of highly specialized roles that makes members of a society dependent on one another.
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folk society
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A society that rests on tradition, culture and social consensus, family, personal ties, little division of labor, and an emphasis on the sacred.
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urban society
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A society in which social relationships are impersonal and contractual, kinship is deemphasized, cultural and social consensus are not complete, the division of labor is complex, and secular concerns outweigh sacred ones.
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postindustrial society
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The type of society in which knowledge and service organizations are the major source of power and the prime mover of social life.
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industrial society
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A society whose subsistence is based primarily on the application of science and technology to the production of goods and services.
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Modernization
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The great number of social changes accompanying the economic development
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modernization theory
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Proposes that changes associated with modernization are the result of an evolutionary process by which societies become increasingly complex.
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convergence
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The development of social and cultural similarity among modernizing nations.
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global culture
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A homogenized culture spread across the globe.
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divergence
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The persistence of cultural differences in modernizing societies as a result of intervening idiosyncratic social and cultural forces.
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Globalization
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The process by which increasingly permeable geographic boundaries lead different societies to share in common some economic, political, and social arrangements.
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world-system theory
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A theory of modernization that sees the pattern of a nation's development as largely dependent on that nation's location in the world economy.
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sex
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The biological distinction between male and female.
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biological determinism
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The attribution of behavioral differences to inherited physical characteristics.
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gender
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The expectations and behaviors associated with a sex category within society.
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gender indentity
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The awareness of being masculine or feminine, based on culture.
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sexual harrasment
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The use of one's superior power in making unwelcome sexual advances.
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gender socialization
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The social process in which boys learn to act the way society assumes boys will act and girls learn to act in ways society expects of them.
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stereotype
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Ideas based on distortion, exaggeration, and oversimplification that are applied to all members of a social category.
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sex stereotype
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A stereotype used to portray one sex as innately superior to the other.
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gender roles
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Culturally based expectations associated with each sex.
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sexism
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A set of beliefs, norms, and values used to justify sexual inequality.
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occupational sex segregation
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The concentration of men and women in different occupations.
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duel labor market
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The existence of a split between core and peripheral segments of the economy and the division of the labor force into preferred and marginalized workers.
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chivalry hypothesis
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The idea that females are treated more leniently than males because the men who control the criminal justice system have a protective (paternalistic) attitude toward women.
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women's movement
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Comprised of groups and organizations engaged in activities designed to promote gender equality.
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feminist theory
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A theoretical perspective that links the lives of women and men to the structure of gender relationships within society.
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marriage
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A legal union based on mutual rights and obligations.
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family
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A group of people related by marriage, blood, or adoption.
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family of marriage
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The family group established upon marriage.
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family of orientation
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The family into which an individual is born.
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nuclear family
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The smallest group of individuals (mother, father, and children) that can be called a family.
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extended family
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A family consisting of two or more adult generations that share a common household and economic resources.
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patrilineal decent
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The familial arrangement in which decent and inheritance are passed from the father to the male descendants.
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matrilineal decent
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The familial arrangement in which decent and inheritance are passed from the mother to her female descendants.
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patriarchal control
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the oldest man living in a household has authority over the rest of the family members.
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matriarchal control
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the oldest living women in a household holds the authority, over the rest of the family members.
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democratic control
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The form of control in which authority is split evenly between husband and wife.
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neolocal residence
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When a newly married couple establishes a residence separate from either of their parents.
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patrilocal residence
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When a married couple is expected to live with the husband's parents.
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matrilocal residence
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When a married couple is expected to live with the wife's parents.
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Exogamy
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Mate selection norms requiring individuals to marry someone outside their kind.
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Endogamy
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Marriage within one's own group as required by social norms.
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Homogamy
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The tendency to marry someone similar to oneself based on personal preference.
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Heterogamy
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Marriage among people with differing social characteristics.
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Monogamy
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the form of marriage in which one man is married to only one woman at a time.
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Polygamy
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Marriage of a male or female to multiple partners of the other sex.
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Polygyny
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The form of marriage in which one man is married to two or more women at the same time.
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Polyandry
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The form of marriage in which one woman is married to two or more men at the same time.
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Marriage rate
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The number of marriages per year for every 1,000 members if a population.
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Divorce Rate
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The numbers of divorces in a particular year for every 1,000 members of the total population.
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Divorce ratio
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the number of divorced persons per 1,000 persons in the population divided by the number of persons who married and living with their spouses.
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Family resiliency
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The capacity of the family to emerge from crises as stronger and more resourceful.
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Public policy
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A broad course of governmental action expressed in specific laws, programs, and initiatives.
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Blended family
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A family formed when at least one of the marriage partners has been married before and has one or more children from a previous marriage.
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Single-parent families
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A family headed by an unmarried adult.
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duel-employed marriage
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Marriage in which both husband and wife are employed in the labor market.
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cohabitation
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A marriage-like living arrangement without the legal obligations and responsibilities of formal marriage.
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civil unions
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legal agreements between same-sex couples providing them some of the rights enjoyed by married couple.
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Homosexual families
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Same-sex partners living together with children.
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Sandwich generation
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The term applied to adults caught between caring for their parents and caring for the family they formed after leaving home.
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