Sociology 111 Midterm #1

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Sociology

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The systematic study of society using sociological info.

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Micro-Level

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individual experiences and personal choices

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Macro-Level

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broader social forces e.g. life changes, norms, social institutions

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Feminism

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the system of ideas and political practices based on the principles that women are human beings equal to men

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Ideology

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a set of beliefs and values that supports and justifies the ruling class of society, it is present in all societies

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Discourse

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a way of thinking created by the host society

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imperialism

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includes the practice and attitudes of colonies

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colonialism

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the concrete and ideological effects after formal colonial rule ended in the 1960s

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social marginality

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the state of being part insider and part outsider in the social structure

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stigma

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any physical, social attribute or sign that so devalues a person's social identity that it disqualifies that person from full social acceptance

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Social inequality

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an unequal distribution of resources

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Status

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a socially defined position in a group or society characterized by certain expectations, rights, and duties

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status set

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made up of all the statuses that one person occupies at a single time

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Ascribed status

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is a social position conferred on a persons birth or received involuntarily later in life, individual has control

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Achieved status

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a spocial position a person assumes voluntarily

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Master Status

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describes the most important status a person occupies

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Status Symbols

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material signs that inform others of a person's specific status

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Role

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a set of behaviour expectations associated with a given status

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Role Expectations

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a group's or societies definition of the way a specific role ought to be played

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Role Performance

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how a person actually plays the role

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Role Ambiguity

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when the expectations associated with a role are unclear

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Role Conflict

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when incompatibility role demands are placed on a person by 2 or more statuses held at a time

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Role Strain

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when incompatibility demands are placed on a single status that person occupies

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Role Exit

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when people disengage from social roles that have been central to their self-identity

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Primary Group

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small, less specialized group in which members engage in face-face, emotion based interactions over a long time

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Secondary Group

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larger, more specialized group in which members engage in more impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time

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Social Network

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series of social relationships that link an individual to others

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Formal Organizations

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highly structured groups formed for the purpose of completing certain tasks or achieving specific goals

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Social Instituations

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a set of organized beliefs and rules that established how society will attempt to meet its basic social needs

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Ethnomethodology

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the study of the commonsense knowledge that people use to understand the situations in which they find themselves

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Dramaturgical Analysis

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the study of social interactions that compares everyday life to a theatrical presentation

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Face-Saving Behaviour

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the strategies we use to rescue our performance when we experience a potential or actual loss of face

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Studied Nonobservance

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a face saving technique in which the role player ignores the flaws of another's performance to avoid embarrassment for everyone involved

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Front Stage Action

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our action in front of others at work, school, or in public

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Back Stage Action

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away from the public, in private sphere (domestic violence, professional people)

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Emotional Labour

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the work that one does to suppress or enhance the intensity, duration, or direction of one's emotions

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Nonverbal Communication

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the transfer of info in between people without the use of speech

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Personal Space

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the immediate space around a person that they claim as private

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Pre-Industrial Societies

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held together by traditions and by the members' shared moral beliefs and values

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Industrial Societies

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held together by the members' shared dependence of one another

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Division of Labour

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how the various tasks of a society are divided up and performed

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Social Solidarity

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a society's social structures, which, in turn, is based on the society's division of labour

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Mechanical Solidarity

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the social cohesion in pre-industrial societies, in which there is minimal division of labour and people feel united by shared values and common social bonds

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Organic Solidarity

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the social cohesion in industrial societies, in which people perform very specialized tasks and feel united by their mutual dependence

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Gemeinschaft

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a traditional society in which social relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship, kinship, and inter-generational stability

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Gesellschaft

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a large, urban society in which social bonds are based on impersonal and specialized relationships, with little long term commitment to the group or consensus of values

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Social Construction of Reality

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the process by which our perception of reality is shaped largely by the subjective meaning that we give to an experience

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Self-Fulfilling Prophecies

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a situation in which a false belief or prediction produces behaviour that makes the originally false belief true