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96 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Nuclear family "traditional family"
familial form consisting of father, mother and their biological children
*not timelss or a universal concept*
extended family
familial networks that extend outside or beyond the home
Endogamy
marriage from within ones social group
exogamy
marriage from outside ones social group
monogamy
the practive of only having one partner or spouse
polygamy
the practice of having more than one partner or spouse at one time
polygyny
practice of having multiple wives simultaneously
polyandry
practice of having multiple husbands simultaneously
cohabitation
living together in an intimate relationship without formal legal or religious sanctioning
Early modern families
family is the site for both production and comsumption (farmers)
*minimal division of labor between sexes
*children=small adults
kinship networks
strings of relationships between people related by blood
families in the industrial era
increased family mobility-> separation from kinship networks
*families strictly site for consumption
*gender division of labor
*separate spheres of work and home
Cult of domesticity
notion that true women hood centers on domestic responsibility and childbearing
Post WW2 Families
modern nuclear family idealized.
*only attainable by white middle and uper class families
*real wages increased in the 1950's
*divorce rate decreased
*fertility boom
*rampant teenage pregos
*declin in womens workforce participation
family and work (present)
*since 1970
*womens participation in labor force has increased
*fertility rates have dropped
*divorce rates have increased
Second shift
womens responsibility for household and child care
divorce
not the majority of marriages end in
marriage
90% of americans
gay and lesbian couples
no federal recognition of same sex marriage
civil unions
legally recognized unions explicity intended to offer similar state provided legal rights and benefits as marriages
domestic partnership
legally recognized unions that guarantee only SELECT RIGHTS to same sex couples
education
the process through which academic social and cultural ideas and tools, both general and specific are developed
educate
socialize
what are the two main functions of schools
human capital
knowledge and skills that make someone more productive and bankable
functional iliteracy
inability to read or write well enough to be a functioning member of society
innumeracy
having insufficient mathematical skills to function in society
hidden curriculum
the nonacademic socialization and training that takes place in the schooling system

schools pass down values, beliefs and attitudes that are important in american society
coleman report
study conducted in 1964
examined differences in achievement among schools
social capital
any relationship between people that can facilitate the actions of others
tracking
a way of dividing different students into different classes by ability or future plans
functionalist perspective
higher education
rise in college degrees simply a matter of supply and demand
conflict perspective
education=elite status
as education expanded, members of the elite had to obtain more and more educationto set themselves apart
credentialism
an overemphasis on credentials for signaling social status or qualifications for a job
affimative action
set of policies that grant a preferential treatment to a number of particular subgroups within the population
*women and historically disadvantaged racial minorities
economic capital
(money)
turtoring test-prep courses better public school districts
cultural capital
cultural and social class resources that people inherit and use to their advantage in various situations
karl marx
which social theorist focused on historical materialism and discussed capitalism as a conflict between capitalist and workers?
max weber
which social theorist addressed the importance of ideas, culture, and religion and wrote a famous study titled "the protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism
emile durkheim
which social theorist looked at how society holds together, discussed anomie, and wrote a famous study titled "suicide"
collective action
action that takes place in groups and diverges from the social norms of the situation
crowd collective
mass collective
2 types of collective action
convergence theory
collective action happens when people with similar ideas and tendencies gather in the same place
*critique=doesnt explain inconsistency in collective action
contagion theory
collective action arises because of the tendency of people to conform to the behaviors of others

Critique=downplays individual agency
doesnt explain inconsistency in collective action
emergent norm theory
emphasizes the influence of leaders in promoting particular norms
*critique=doesnt always explain why certian people emerge as leaders
doesnt explain why some actions emerge as norms and others dont
social movements
collective behavior that is purposeful,organized and institutionalized but not ritualized
characteristics of social movements
*motivated by social or political aim
*use conflict and direct action
*collective identity
*shared commitment to social change
distinguished by people whose behavior they seek to change and the extent of social change

*alterative social movements
*redemptive social movements
*reformative social movements
*revolutionary social movements
4 types of social movement
classical model
based on the concept of structural weaknesses in society that results in the psychological distruption of individuals
resource mobilization theory
emphasizes political context and goals but also states that social movements are unlikely to emerge qithout the necessary resources
political process model
focuses on the structure of political opportunities
3 stages of social movements
emergence
coalescence
routinization
emergence
social problem being addressed is first identified
coalescence
resources are mobilized;concrete action is taken
routinization
social movement is institutionalized and a formal structure develops to promote cause
social movement organizations
a group developed to recruit new members and coordinate participation in a particular social movement

raises money, clarifies goals, and structures participation in movement
professional movement organization
full time leadership staff dedicated to the movement and a large membership base that plays a minor role in organization
participatory movement organization
directly involves rand and file membership
social change
transformations in social institutions, political organizations and cultural norms across time
causes of social change
social movements
technological innovation
emergence in new ideas
conflict
changes in cultural change
microsociology;macrosociology
__focuses on interactions between individuals; whereas__focuses on social dynamics across a breadth of society
Functionalism
which sociological theory examines how various social institutions and processes in society exist to serve some important function to keep society running
conflict theory
which sociological theory examines conflict between competing interests as the basic animating force of social change and emphasizes competition no consensus
symbolic interactionism
which sociological theory is a micro-level theory that examines how shared meanings, orientations,and assumptions form the basic motivation behind peoples actions
sociological imagination
__a term coined by c.wright mills and refers to the ablility to connect the most basic, intimate aspects of an individuals life to seemingly impersonal and remote historical facts
Material;nonmaterial
__culture is everything that is part of our constructed environment;whereas__culture consist of values beliefs behaviors and social norms
cultural relativism
__refers to taking into account the differences across culture without passing judgement or assigning value
consumerism
__refers to the steady acquisition of material possessions often with the belief that happiness and fullfillment can thus be achieved
qualitative methods
__are methods that attempt to collect information about the social world that CANNOT be readily converted to numeric form
quantitiative methods
__are methods that attempt to collect information about the social world that is already in or can be easily converted to number forn
inderpendent;dependent
the __variable(also known as the cause) is a measured fact that the researcher believes has a causal impact on the __variable or the outcomethat the researcher is trying to explain(also known as the effect)
sociolization
__refers to the process by which individuals internalize the values,beliefs and norms of a given society and learn to function as a member of that society
all were
which of the following was NOT presented as an agent of socialization

*family
*school
*peers
*media
*all were
ascribed;achieved
__status is a status into which one is born;whereas__status is a status into which one enders
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE
in a dyad members are mutually dependednt, meaning if one member leaves the group will no longer exsist
secondary groups
__groups are characterized as impersonal, instrumental(means to and end), contingent affiliation, and roles are more important than the individuals who fill them
gender,sex
__denotes a social position the set of social arragements that are built around__, the natural or biological differences that distinguish males from females
feminism
__refers to an intellectual, consciousness-raising movement based on the idea that women and men should be accorded equal opportunities
social constructionism
which theory of gender inequality examines how gender is a process in which people participate with every social interaction they have, focusing on how in "doing gender" people contribute to reaffirm and reproduce gender inequality
sexuality
the sociological approach to the social construction of __ examines variation in what is considered "normal" sexual behavior and different patterns through history and across cultures
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE
race is a social construction, meaning race is not natural or biological
ethnocentrism
the judgment of other groups by ones own standards and values
prejudice;discrimination
__refers to negative thoughts and feelings about an ethnic or racial group; whereas__refers to harmful or negative acts against people deemed inferior on the basis of their racial category without regard to their individual merit
class system
__refers to an economically based system of stratification characterized by relative categorization and somewhat loose social mobility
income;wealth
__refers to money recieved by a person for work or from returns on investments;whereas__ refers to a familys or individuals net worth
FALSE
TRUE OR FALSE
income and wealth inequality have been decreasing
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE
the US has lower poverty rates compared to other developed countries
Mechanical solidarity;organic solidarity
__solidarity has social cohesion based on sameness;whereas__solidarity has social cohesion based on difference and interdependent part
street crime;white collar crime
__crime is commited in public and often associated with violence, gangs and poverty;whereas__crime is committed by a professional agent against a corporation, agency or other buisness
stigma
__refers to a negative social label that not only changes your behavior toward a person but also alters that persons own self-concepts and social identity
FALSE
TRUE OR FALSE
today the US has the lowest rates of incarceration than ever before in american history
capitalism
__is an economic system in which property and goods are owned privatly; investments are determined by private decisions; and prices production and distribution of goods are primarily determined by competition in a free market
sociology of science
__is interested in the ways scientific communitites study the objects of their research;the ways science changes how we live and interact with each other, and the unexpected consequences of scientific discoveries
sociology of the environment
__refers to how sociologists research the effects of the social world and the natural world on each other
medicalization
refers to the process by which problems or issues not traditionally seen as medical come to be framed as such
water born diseases
according to your textbook and lecture what is the leading killer worldwide
authority
refers to the justifiable right to exercise power