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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Human Nature |
From a sociologists perspective: it is culture and society that makes us human. These things that we have created also makes us who we are. |
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Nature vs. nurture |
the ongoing discussion of the respective roles of genetics and socialization in determining individual behaviors and traits |
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Socialization |
the process of learning and internalizing the values, beliefs, and norms of our social group, by which we become functioning members of society |
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Feral Children |
in myths and rare real-world cases, children who have had little human contact and may have lived in social isolation form a young age |
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Self |
the individual's conscious, reflexive experience of a personal identity separate and distinct from others |
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ID, Ego, Superego |
Freud: the three interrelated parts that make up the mind |
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iD |
consists of basic inborn drives that are the source of instinctive psychic energy |
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The Ego |
is the realistic aspect of the mind that balances the forces of the if and the superego |
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The Superego |
has two components (the conscious and the ego-ideal) and represents the internalized demands of society |
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Looking-glass self |
the notion that the self develops through our perception of others evaluations and appraisals of us |
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Preparatory stage |
the first stage in Mead's theory of the development of self wherein children mimic or imitate others |
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Play stage |
the second stage in Mead's theory of the development of self wherein children pretend to play the role of the particular or significant other |
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Particular or significant other |
The perspectives and expectations of a particular role that a child learns and internalizes |
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Game Stage |
the third stage in Mead's theory of the development of self wherein children play organized games and take in the perspective of the generalized other |
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Generalized other |
the perspectives and expectations of a network of others (or of society in general) that a child learns and then takes into account when shaping his or her own behavior |
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Dual Nature of the self |
the idea that we experience the self as both subject and object, the "I" - and the "me" |
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Thomas Theorem |
Classic formulation of the way individuals determine reality, whereby "if people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences" |
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Definition of the situation |
an agreement with others about "what is going on" in a given circumstance, this consensus allows us to coordinate our actions with others and realize goals |
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Expressions of behavior |
small actions such as an eye roll or head nod that serve as an interactional tool to help project our definition of the situation to others |
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Expressions given |
expressions that are intentional and usually verbal, such as utterances |
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Expressions given off |
observable expressions that can be either intended or unintended and are usually nonverbal |
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Impression management |
the effort to control the impressions we make on others so that they form a desired view of us and the situation; the use of self-presentation and performance tactics |
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Dramaturgy |
an approach pioneered by Erving Goffman in which social life is analyzed in terms of its similarities to theatrical performance |
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Front |
in the dramaturgical perspective, the setting or scene of performances that helps establish the definition of the situation |
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region |
the contact in which the performance takes place, including location, decor, and props |
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personal front |
the performance tactics we use to present ourselves to others, including appearance, costume, and manner |
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backstage |
the places in which we rehearse and prepare for our performances |
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frontstage |
the places in which we deliver our performances to an audience of others |
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social construction |
the process by which a concept or practice is created and maintained by participants who collectively agree that it exists |
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cooling the mark out |
behaviors that help others to save face or avoid embarrassment, often referred to as civility or tact |
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Agents of socialization |
social groups, institutions, and individuals (especially the family, schools, peers and the mass media) that provide structured situations in which socialization takes place |
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total institutions |
institutions in which individuals are cut off from therest of society so that they can be controlled and regulated for the purpose of systematically stripping away previous roles and identities in order to create new ones |
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status |
a position in a social hierarchy that carries a particular set of expectations |
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role |
the set of behaviors expected of someone because of his or her status |
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role conflict |
experienced when we occupy two or more roles with contradictory expectations |
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role strain |
experienced when there are contradictory expectations within one role |
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role exit |
the process of leaving a role that we will no longer occupy |
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Agency |
the ability of the individual to act freely and independently |
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deviance |
a behavior, trait, belief, or other characteristic that violates a norm and causes a negative reaction |
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innovators |
individuals who accept society's approved goals but not society's approved means to achieve them |
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ritualists |
individuals who have given up hope of achieving society's approved goals but still operate according to society's approved means |
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retreatists |
individuals who renounce society's approved goals and means entirely and live outside conventional norms altogether |
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rebels |
individuals who reject society's approved goals and means and instead create and work toward their own (sometimes revolutionary) goals using new means |
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social control |
the formal and informal mechanisms used to elicit conformity to values and norms and thus promote social cohesion |
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differential association theory |
Edwin Sutherland's hypothesis that we learn to be deviant through our associations with deviant peers |
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labeling theory |
Howard Becker's idea that deviance is a consequence of external judgements, or labels, that modify the individuals's self-concept and change the way others respond to the labeled person |
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Tertiary deviance |
redefining the stigma associated with a deviant label as a positive phenomenon |
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self-fulfilling prophecy |
an inaccurate statement or belief that, by altering the situation, becomes accurate; a prediction that causes itself to come true |
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stereotype threat |
a kind of self-fulfilling prophecy in which the dear of performing poorly- and confirming stereotypes about their social groups - causes students to perform poorly |
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stereotype promise |
a kind of self-fulfilling prophecy in which positive stereotypes, such as the "model minority" label applied to Asian Americans, lead to positive performance outcomes for Asian Americans |
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stigma |
Erving Goffman's term for any physical or social attribute that devalues a person or a group's identity and that may exclude those who are devalued from normal social interracation |
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Passing |
presenting yourself as a member of a different group than the stigmatized group you belong to |
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In-group orientation |
among stigmatized individuals, the rejection of prevailing judgements or prejudice and the development of new standards that value their group identity |
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outsiders |
according to Howard Becker, those labeled deviant and subsequently segregated from "normal" society |
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deviance avowal |
provess by which an individual self-identifies as deviant and initiates her own labeling process |
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crime |
a violation of a norm that has been codified into law |
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white collar crime |
crime committed by a high-status individual in the course of his occupation |
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deterrence |
an approach to punishment that relies on the threat of harsh penalties to discourage people from committing crimes |
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retribution |
an approach to punishment that emphasizes retaliation or revenge for the crime as the appropriate goal |
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incapacitation |
an approach to punishment that seeks to protect society from criminals by imprisoning or executing them |
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rehabilitation |
an approach to punishment that attempts to reform criminals as part of their penalty |
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capital punishment |
the death penalty |
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positive deviance |
actions considered deviant within a given context but are later reinterpreted as appropriate or even heroic |
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Theories of Deviance: Functionalism |
deviance reminds us of our shared notions of wrong and right and promotes social cohesion |
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Theories of Deviance: structural strain |
social inequality creates tension between society's goals and menas an individual has to achieve those goals |
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Theories of Deviance: conflict |
both society's rules and the punishments for breaking those rules are applied unequally |
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Theories of Deviance: differential association |
we learn to be deviant through interactions with people who break the rules |
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Theories of Deviance: labeling |
deviance is determined by social context |