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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
An awareness of the relationship between an individual and the wider society, both today and in the past.
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Sociological Imagination
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Anthropology
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Social science
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A set of statements that seeks to explain problems, actions, or behavior
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Theory
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Stressed conflict among societies classes
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Karl Marx
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A made up model that serves as a measuring rod against which actual cases can be evaluated
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Ideal type
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The accumulation of knowledge, prestige, culture, and formal schooling
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Capital
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Generalize about everyday forms of social interaction in order to understand society as a whole
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Interactionist Perspective
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An explanation of an abstract concept that is specific enough to allow a researcher to assess the concept
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Operational Definition
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A speculative statement about the relationship between two or more factors known as variables
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Hypothesis
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A measurable trait or characteristic that is subject to change under different conditions
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Variable
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The variable hypothesized to cause or influence another
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Independent Variable
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The variable in a causal relationship that is subject to the influence of another variable
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Dependent variable
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The relationship between a condition or variable and a particular consequence with one event leading to the other
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Causal logic
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Exists when a change in one variable coincides with a change in the other
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Correlation
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A selection from a larger population that is statistically representative of that population
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Sample
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Every member of an entire population being studied has the same chance of being selected
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Random sample
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The degree to which a measure or scale truly reflects the phenomenon under study
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Validity
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Extent to which a measure produces consistent results
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Reliability
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A factor held constant to test the relative impact of the independent variable
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Control variable
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Research in which scientists collect and report data primarily in numerical form
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Quantitative research
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Research which relies on what scientists see in the field and naturalistic settings
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Qualitative research
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The study of an entire social setting through extended systematic observation
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Ethnography
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An artificially created situations that allows the researchers to manipulate variables
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Experiment
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Not exposed to an independent variable
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Control group
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The use of the discipline of sociology with the specific intent of yielding practical applications for human behavior and organizations
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Applied sociology
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The process through which people learn the attitudes, values, and behaviors appropriate for members of a particular culture
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Socialization
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The totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects, and behavior
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Culture
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Name 5 cultural universals
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athletic sports, cooking practices, funeral practices, medical practices, sexual restrictions
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The tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others
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Ethnocentrism
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The evaluation of people's behavior from the perspective of their own culture
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Cultural Relativism
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The specialized language of a subculture that distinguishes it from the wider society
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Argot
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The feeling of surprise and disorientation that people experience when they witness cultural practices different from their own
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Culture shock
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Generally understood but are not precisely recorded
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Informal norms
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Another word for informal norms
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Folkways
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Penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm
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Sanctions
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The gestures, objects, and language that form the basis of human communication
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Symbols
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The process of mentally assuming the perspective of another in order to respond from that imagined viewpoint
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Role taking
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What stage does role taking occurring?
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The Play Stage
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Those individuals who are most important in the development of self
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Significant other
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Individual's altering of the presentation of self in order to create distinctive appearances and satisfy particular audiences
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Impression management
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The way in which society is organized into predictable relationships
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Social structure
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Any of the full range of socially defined positions within a large group or society
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Status
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Given to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents or characteristics. Given at birth
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Ascribed status
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A social position attained by a person largely through is or her own efforts
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Achieved status
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A status that dominates others and thereby determines a person's general position within society
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Master status
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Occurs when incompatible expectations arise from two or more positions held by the same person
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Role conflict
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The situation that occurs when the same social position imposes conflicting demands and expectations
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Role strain
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Any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who interact with one another on a regular basis
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Group
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A small group characterized by intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation
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Primary group
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Any group to which people feel they belong
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Ingroup
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A group to which people feel they do not belong and may even feel some hostility toward
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Outgroup
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